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ABSTRACT Introduction & Objective : Nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit both cyclooxygenase-1(cox-1) and cyclooxygenase – 2 (cox-2) are widely used to treat pain and inflammation. However, their use is limited by gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. So, selective cox-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib have been developed. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of GI side effects with celecoxib among two groups of patients (first without and second with a history of GI disease) at the polyclinic of NIOC Medical and Health Orgnization in Shiraz. Materials & Methods: 145 patients who celecoxib were prescribed for, were subject of our cohort study . Data were collected by the questionnaires which contained the information such as age, sex, history of GI diseases, etc. Further information such as GI side effects was added to the questionnaires after treatment. A total of 114 patients consisted of 82 women and 32 men completed the study. The first group consisted of 52 patients and the second group of 62 patients. Results : 26% of patients reported GI adverse effects. 21% of patients in the first group and 31% of the second group had GI side effects. The incidence of GI adverse effects between two groups didn’t reach statistical significance. Conclusion : Since the use of celecoxib was associated with some GI adverse effects in more than one-forth of the patients, its dose, history or having a GI disease and concomitant use of other medicine which may cause GI disorders must be considered when prescribing celecoxib.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Cardiovascular diseases have been known as the first cause of morbidity and mortality in Iran and many other countries. The noise of workplace and the shift work are among the risk factors of these diseases. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between different occupations and risk factors of heart diseases. Materials & Methods: This study was done on 4872 men and women, ageed over 19, in Isfahan. For each subject a questionnaire was filled in order to collect necessary information about the anthropometric characteristics and some cardiovascular risk factors and clinical tests were done in order to determine the status of participants' blood factors. Men were divided according to the noise of workplace and the shift work nonـ shift work, and women were divided based on whether they were housekeepers or not. Results: Results of this study showed that in men with highـnoise workplace, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.02) and hypertension (p=0.01) was more than others but there was not any significant difference in other risk factors. Also in subjects with shift work, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.03) and obesity (p=0.001) was high whereas there was not any significant difference in other risk factors. In housekeeping women mean value of waist circumference (p=0.001), body mass index BMI (p=0.000) serum triglyceride (p=0.000), cholesterol (p=0.0001), LDL cholesterol (p=0.001), 2hpp (p=0.001), diastole blood pressure (p=0.001), systole blood pressure (p=0.01) and also the prevalence of obesity (p=0.0001), high LDL cholesterol (p=0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.001), hypercholesterolemia (p=0.0001) and hypertension (p=0.003) were significantly higher than those in employed women. Conclusion: Considering the result of this study, the noise of workplace causes increase in the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension and the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and obesity increased because of the shift work. It seems that two factors of noise and shift work cause these changes by inducing stress. Housekeepers had a high level of most of the CVD risk factors in comparison with employed women. It seems that two factors of noise and shift work by producing stress and reduction of physical activity in housekeepers can prone the subject to CVD.

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Introduction & Objective: Oral route is a common route of administration for anti-inflammatory drugs including diclofenac. Due to some disadvantages of this route, the alternative routes of administrations are considered. The skin has been increasingly important in this regard, and many drugs have been formulated intradermal delivery systems. The purpose of this study was to prepare a topical diclofenac formulation emulgel with appropriate skin penetration and compare it with standard formulation. Materials & Methods: To prepare the formulation, we used the emulsion form. Several formulations containing different kinds and amounts of diclofenac salts, different emulsifying agents, and different HPMC concentrations were prepared. The skin penetration was evaluated by using Franz cell apparatus and the concentrations of diclofenac were determined in the receptor phase of Franz cell using spectrophotometer. The in vivo absorption of diclofenac was evaluated by determination of drug in urine. The concentration of drug was determined by HPLC. Results: In selected formulation, 85% of drug was released after 4 hours from formulation which was similar to drug released from standard formulation. The values of coefficient variation for HPLC method were utmost 15%. The range of variation in measurement was between 10 and 1000 ng/ml. Conclusion: The selected formulation had appropriate physicochemical properties. We were unable to measure drug concentrations in urine by the constructed HPLC, therefore it can be suggested that one should determine drug concentration in synovial fluid as the drug is concentrated in it.

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Background & Aim: Postpartum period is one of the vital stages in the women’s life which influences their quality of life. Instruction can influence their quality of life in this period. This study aimed to determine the effect of education on health-promoting behaviors at the postpartum period on the quality of life of primiparous women. Methods: The present controlled randomized trail study was carried out on 52 primiparous women who were randomly allocated into two groups (experimental and control). Instruction was presented for the experimental group for six weeks after childbirth. Quality of life of women between the two groups was compared by using Specific Postnatal Quality of life questionnaire at the first and sixth weeks. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and Independent T-test. Results: Results showed a significant difference between the mean score of quality of life pre-and post-intervention between the two groups (P<0.001), but this difference in the experimental group was more compared to the control group. Also, this difference in the 5 dimensions of quality of life (feeling about herself, baby, spouse, sexual activity, and health) in the experimental group was more compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated that health promoting can be effective in improving quality of life of primiparous women. Therefore, health care providers should focus on this important issue.

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Background & aim: Work is an important component of QOL therefore work-related factors could be a significant predictor in this respect.The current study was aimed to asses QOL and its association with socio-demographic, health and work-related factors in two factories in Yasuj, Iran. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, participants were 280 workers of two factories. The Persian version of World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to assess the QOL. A questionnaire was developed to assess the socio-demographic, health and work-related factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The present study revealed that the means (SD) of physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment domains of QOL were 13.2 (2.7), 13.3 (2.6), 14.2 (3.5) and 12.6 (2.5), respectively. A multiple linear regression demonstrated that the types of job, exercise activity, working schedule, sleep quality, smoking, and conflict between work and social life were associated with physical health domain whereas, working schedule, marital status, working demand, sleep quality, BMI, and conflict between work and individual life were significantly associated with psychological health domain. Working schedule, working demand, sleep quality, conflict between work and individual life were significantly associated with social relationship domain however, working demand, working schedule, smoking, sleep quality, working hour, job satisfaction, marital status and exercise activity were significantly associated with environment domain. Conclusion: To improve workers' QOL, the intervention programs should focus on improving work environment, working schedule, occupational training and restricting working hours.

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Background & aim: One of the most common clinical problems among individuals is thyroid nodule diseases which are characterized by one or more nodules in the thyroid and are usually benign. It can be said that thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer worldwide. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for cancer in patients with thyroid nodule in Mazandaran province,Iran, using parametric survival analysis. Methods: In the present historical cohort study, 26,730 patients with thyroid nodules who were referred to health care centers from July 2002 to March 2008 were identified. Parametric log-normal and log-logistic models were compared with and without taking frailty into account. The criterion for comparing models was Akaike's criterion. All calculations were performed with the SPSS software and the significance level was considered 0.05. Results: The mean time of the conversion of thyroid nodules to cancer in patients was found to be 29.32 months. Using Kaplan-Meier method, survival rates of one year, five years and ten years of nodule conversion to cancer was calculated 94.6, 88.6 and respectively. According to the log rank test age (p=0.03), hypothyroidism (p=0.01), bilateral nodules (p <0.001), a multi-nodular goiter (p <0.001), TSH hormone (p <0.001), T4 hormones (p = 0.005), cholesterol (p = 0.03), creatinin levels (p = 0.001) a significant relationship was seen. Based on the Akaike's criterion, the lognormal model which takes frailty into account best fits to the data. Conclusion: Based on the log-normal model with frailty, It can be concluded that the thyroid nodule patients with abnormal TSH hormone are 6.55 times more likely to develop risk of thyroid cancer than patients who had normal TSH hormone overall. This model also indicated that patients who had heart palpitations are 5.52 times more likely to develop risk of cancer than patients who did not have heart palpitations.

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Background & aim:  Flies are important in the region in terms of mechanical transmission of pathogens, sciatica and forensic entomological research. Identification of species in different regions is the first and most important way to control vector-borne diseases in the region. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the diversity of species and relative abundance of flies of medical importance in Golestan province during 2018-2019.
 
Methods: In the present descriptive study, the samples included medically important flies, which were sampled in both urban and rural areas, including eight stations in Ramyan city in 2018. Trapping was done monthly, on sunny days and on the hottest day of the month. Entomological nets and cone traps were used to catch adult flies. Species identification was performed based on valid keys. The collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software.
 
Results: In the present study, 10 species of Musca domestica (housefly) (53.75), Muscina stabulans (7.26), Lucilia ceasar (14.39), Lucilia sericata (7.91), Calliphora  vicina (8.95), Sarcophaga africa (1.55), Sarcophaga aegyptica (0.51), Calliphora vomitoria (3.48), Sarcophaga argyrostoma (0.75), Muscina levida (0.18) in three family including Muscovidae, Sarcophagidae and Acrostida were captured. The most abundance of flies were observed in garbage collection sites and animal places. Musina levida species was reported for the first time from northern Iran in this study. Based on the results of temperature and humidity fluctuations, it was established that the higher temperature and decreasing humidity, the more abundance of flies’ population were obsereved.
 
Conclusion: Due to the high abundance of flies in waste collection sites and animal sites, rapid transfer of non-residential areas and their sanitary burial is necessary to reduce the population of flies. It is necessary to move animals out of residential areas and provide health advice to people and health centers on diseases transmitted by flies in the warmer months of the year.
 
 

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Background & aim: Due to their close connection with humans, flies are able to mechanically transmit many pathogenic agents and thus cause various diseases. Knowing and determining the species of flies is necessary to know the current situation and plan for their control. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine and investigate the species diversity and relative abundance of medically important flies in Fouladshahr, Isfahan province.

Methods: The present study was of a descriptive-analytical type. Sampling was done from April to March 2018 for one year and twice a month in selected stations in Fouladshahr, Iran. The collection of adult flies was done using insect nets and using inverted cone plastic bottles traps. In order to try to obtain the maximum diversity of species, sampling was done in four seasons and six times in each season, twice a month and once in each region. The sampling location was selected based on the proximity to the places where flies grow and develop, such as around the hospital, garbage collection, health and treatment centers, and animal places with the possibility of flies. Daily average temperature, humidity and wind speed were recorded. After catching the flies, they were transported to the laboratory and mounted. A that point they were identified using a valid identification key. The collected data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation and GEE regression statistical tests.

Results: In the present study, 6030 flies from three species, Musidae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae, were caught. The highest number of flies belonged to the species Musca domestica (72%) and Sarcophaga aegypti (0.08%) had the lowest frequency. The highest abundance of flies was in the month of July and the lowest amount was respectively in the months of January and February in Fouladshahr. Correlation results indicated that with the decrease in humidity, the population of flies increased (P˂0.004) and with the increase in temperature, the abundance of flies increased (P˂0.0001).

Conclusion: Considering the abundance of flies and their health importance in the study area, it seems necessary to adopt appropriate methods to manage resources and use existing capacities to control the population of flies in the study area.