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Introduction & Objective: Rosmarinus officinalis L. as a member of the Lamiaceae family and lysozyme as a natural antibacterial agent is important in food microbiology, because of its characteristics. The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition and anti-listerial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (REO) alone and in combination with lysozyme for enhancement of anti-listerial activity of both substances. Materials & Methods: Rosmarinus officinalis L. was purchased from a local grocery store at Shahrekord and was identified by the Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR. The air-dried aerial parts were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus to obtain essential oil and yielded oil was analyzed by GC/MS. Antibacterial activity (on basis of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of REO was studied separately and in combination with unheated lysozyme (L) and heat-treated lysozyme (HTL) on Listeria monocytogenes at different pH (5, 6 and 7) by a micro-broth dilution assay. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: In the current study, 98.05% of constituents of the essential oil were identified. The major components were α-pinene (14.06%), 1,8-cineole (13.62%), verbenone (11.2%), camphor (10.51%), borneol (7.3%), 3-octanone (7.02%), camphene (5.46%) and linalool (5.07%). The inhibitory action of REO was stronger at lower pH especially 5 (MIC=225 μg/mL). Inhibition by L at pH 5 was 640 μg/mL but no inhibition was seen at pH 7. HTL resulted in more effective inhibition than L, especially at pH 5 and heat-treatment 80˚C (MIC: 160 μg/mL). Conclusion: Combination of L + REO and particularly HTL + REO was led to enhancement of bacterial inhibition. It was concluded that REO by the identified chemical composition was effective alone or in combination with L or HTL on Listeria monocytogenes as a food-borne pathogen.

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Introduction & Objective: The film containing antimicrobial agents are a type of active packaging which is mainly designed to control microbial and chemical spoilage of food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and color properties of chitosan film incorporated with essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZEO). Materials & Methods: In this experimental study which was conducted at Urmia University of Medical Sciences between 2009-2010, the chemical composition of ZEO was analyzed using GC-MS. Chitosan films containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% ZEO, were obtained by casting method and subsequently, total phenol (TP), antioxidant, color (accordance with hunter system (L* (luminosity), * (redness), and b* (yellowness)) and antimicrobial characteristics of films on Listeria monocytogenes were studied. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software. Results: The order of TP for all films in the experiment was 2% ZEO1% ZEO 0.5% ZEO unsupplemented chitosan film, respectively. It was also concluded that the antioxidant activity of chitosan films was increased by adding various concentrations of ZEO. These increases were significant for film containing 1% (33.98%) and 2% (37.77%) ZEO (p0.05). Regarding the color luminosity (L*) of the chitosan film, results indicated no significant changes by incorporating ZEO, whereas the incorporation of ZEO into films had a significant effect on film yellowness, evidenced by lower b* values. Finally, it was shown that the presence of ZEO in chitosan films significantly modified the anti- listerial activity of chitosan, (p0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that an active film from chitosan could be achieved by incorporating ZEO. Addition of ZEO improves functional and antibacterial characteristics of chitosan film.

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Introduction & Objective: Garlic (Allium sativum. L.) is an important dietary herb which its useful compounds may be altered during different processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heating on the amounts of allicin, felavonol, felavonoid, total phenolic components, and antioxidant capacity of garlic. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study which was conducted at Shahr-e-Kord University of Medical Sciences in 2009, the alcoholic extract of fresh, micro waved, and boiled garlic were prepared. Then, their antioxidant capacities were evaluated in linoleic acid and ß-carotene linoleate system. The phenolic contents were measured with Folin–ciocalteu method, felavonoid or felavonol contents with aluminum coloride method, and allicine contents with spectrophotometry method. Collected data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS software. Differences between the means of groups were evaluated by a two-tailed t-test for independent samples. Results: The fresh and fresh boiled garlic had the highest and lowest antioxidant activities, respectively (P<0.05) while no difference was found between fresh and micro waved garlic (P>0.05). The flavonoid and phenolic compounds in fresh garlic were more than micro waved or boiled garlic. The allicin content in fresh garlic was also higher then micro waved or boiled garlic (P<0.05). All of these components were low in boiled garlic. Conclusion: Fresh garlic has the most useful compounds and consumption of this form of the vegetable is recommended.

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Background & Aim: Due to the side effects of chemical and synthetic preservatives, consumers have recently become more eager to use foods containing natural preservatives from plants, animals and microbial sources. In the present study, biochemical composition and antibacterial effects (MIC) of Mentha longifolia L. essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus have been evaluated. Methods: In this experimental study, the biochemical composition and antibacterial prosperities of this essential oil was determined by the Gas chromatography/ mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) and micro dilution method respectively. The morphological and membrane changes of the bacterial cell under the effect of this essential oil were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software using ANOVA. Results: The chemical analysis of the essential oil by Gas chromatography/ mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) revealed the presence of 22 substances (95.30%), mainly including Pulegon (31.54%), 1,8 Cineol (15.89%), Menthoforan (11.8%) and Cis- Isopulegon (9.74%). Minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oil determined under different temperature and pH values showed to be in the range of 75-1200 µg/ ml. Conclusion: The MIC results and membrane cell damage observed in the electron microscopy evaluation indicated that this essential oil have a high antibacterial activity. Therefore, this essential oil can be combined with other agents for the preservation of foods against pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms.

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Background & aim: Hydatidosis is a zoonosis disease with worldwide distribution. This disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Most cases of hydatid cyst of the liver and lung are reported, but rarely in the brain, heart, kidney, urethra, spleen, fallopian tubes, pancreas, and muscles are observed. The purpose of this report introduces a 9-year-old girl who was diagnosed with renal hydatid cyst. Case: This patient was a female, 9 years old of Kohgiluye and Boyerahmad Province, with feelings of right flank pain during urination. CT scan show a cystic lesion measuring 36 to 44 mm in the middle of right kidney. The patient's surgery was operated successfully And histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. the patient was treated for four weeks with Albendazole (400 mg twice daily). Conclusion: The statistics show that the age of the infection with renal hydatid cyst is declining and this can makes many problems for the health of children and society. Each organ of the body can be attacked by Echinococcus granulosus, so in the presence of a space occupying lesion in the kidney, hydatidosis should be suspected. Calcified hydatid cyst in a such young child is a very rare condition

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Background & aim: Steroid production has been reported in the asexual tissues of the nervous system. Stimulants are in the normal activity, function and function of the nervous system. Identifying the conduction pathways involved in glucocorticoids and enabling brain parenchymal cells can offset the balance in the active nervous system at old ages when the body is depleted. Therefore, in this study, by increasing the activity of sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway attempted by purmorphamine and its capacity by Gant 61, the effect of this pathway on steroid process in culture medium of glial neurons is evaluated.

Methods: The present experimental study was conducted in 2021. First, neuronal stem cells were obtained from the cortex of a 14-day-old embryonic mice by standard methods. Survival of neuronal stem cells after treatment with 5 μM pregnenolone with different concentrations of purmorphamine (1,2,5, 10 and 20) and Gant 61 was performed by MTT method. Then the cells were placed in a differentiation medium and after treatment with different concentrations and 5-day incubation, the surface of the cells was removed from the cell culture medium and the amount of testosterone and estrogen were measured by ELISA and HPLC. Data were analyzed using ANOVA statistical test using graph pad software.
 
Results:  The survival data of the groups indicated an increase in survival after treatment with purmorphamine (114.3) compared to the Gant 61 group (63.7 Pg) (p≤0.5). Progesterone data in the supernatant of glial neurons showed that purmorphamine groups (287.2 Pg) had a significant increase compared to control (88.28) and Gant 61 (40.5 Pg) groups (p≤ 0.001). Also, testosterone data show that purmorphamine groups (73.8 Pg) in both ELISA and HPLC methods have a significant increase compared to the control (153.8 Pg) and Gant61 (52.92 Pg) groups (p≤ 0.0001). Also, pregnenolone group (236.5 Pg) showed a significant increase compared to Gant61 (40.5 Pg) group (p≤ 0.05). Analysis of estrogen data by HPLC method showed that there was a significant increase in estrogen production in the purmorphamine groups (331.2 Pg) compared to the control (42.11 Pg) and Gant61 (42.11 Pg) groups (p≤ 0.0001).
 
Conclusion: The data from this study indicated that the induction of the shh pathway by purrmorphamine increased the production of steroid hormones (estrogen-progesterone and testosterone) by glial-neuronal differentiating cells, which inhibition of this pathway had the opposite effect. The present study concluded that induction of the shh pathway can lead to the production of steroids.
 
 

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Background & aim: Pregnenolone acts as a precursor to other steroid hormones and exerts its effect as an anti-inflammatory molecule to maintain immune homeostasis in various inflammatory conditions. In these diseases, a decrease in the level ofP has been observed, which emphasizes its role in neuroprotection and nerve regeneration and its anti-inflammatory role. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to determine the ability of Pregnenolone in the proliferation of mouse neural stem cells and reduce inflammatory and oxidant markers. of inducing inflammation with lipopolysaccharide in laboratory conditions.

Methods: In the present experimental study conducted at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, neural stem cells (NSCs) were isolated from the embryonic cortex of E14 mice with standard protocol and incubated for 5 days. Subsequently, neurosphere formation and propagation for second passage the survival of the cells was done after pregnenolone combined treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammatory model. The number of neurospheres and cells derived from neurospheres were counted after 5 days of incubation in the inflammatory model. The supernatant of the cells was removed and the levels of oxidant and antioxidant markers MDA, NO FRAP, and inflammatory markers IL6 and TNFα were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by one-way variance statistical method and Tukey's post hoc test.

Results: The results indicated that pregnenolone with its effect on inflammatory factors could increase the proliferation of neural stem cells in conditions of inflammation and the greatest effect was observed in the group treated with 10 μM dose of pregnenolone with an increase of 68% compared to the LPS group. On the other hand, it caused a decrease in the inflammatory factors TNF-α (12%) and IL-6 (30%) and oxidative stress factors including NO (38%) and MDA (20%) compared to the LPS group, as well as a significant increase FRAP was an antioxidant marker (P<0.0001) in the model of inflammation caused by LPS in the culture medium of mouse neural stem cells.

Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that Pregnenolone, by affecting inflammatory factors, increased the proliferation of neural stem cells in the conditions of inflammation, and it was as well able to reduce the amount of inflammatory and oxidant markers in the inflammatory model of the culture medium.