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Background & aim: Chronic infection of the adenoid tissue is one of the causes of hypertrophy. Adenoids are considered to be as reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of mentioned bacteria in children with adenoid hypertrophy. Methods: A total of 113 children with adenoid hypertrophy who underwent adenoidectomy were included in this study. Subsequently, adenoidectomy was performed under general anesthesia. All of the adenoid samples were evaluated for bacterial infection by culture and PCR methods. Results: Streptococcus. pneumoniae was the most common (33.6%) bacteria isolated by culture followed by H. influenzae (22.9%) and M. catarrhalis (9.7%). PCR method detected S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis in 31%, 29.2% and 9.7% of samples respectively. Conclusion: Streptococcus. Pneumonia, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis are isolated with different frequency in patients with adenoid hypertrophy.

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Background & aim: Exercise enhances the synaptic plasticity and neuroprotective effects in the adult brain. However, it remains unknown that how plasticity molecules change following types of training. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks resistance training on protein levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor(BDNF) and receptor of TrkB, in the hippocampus of adult male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, twelve adult male rats, 8 weeks of age, with an average weight of 200 to 225 grams were randomly divided into two groups, control and exercise respectively. The exercise was to increase the weight on the ladder. 24 hours after their last training session. The animals were killed and the hippocampus was removed for further testing. ELISA determined changes in protein levels. Data were analyzed by independent t test. Results: There was a significant difference between train and control groups In protein level of variables statically (p≤0.05). In addition, protein levels of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus of rats increased. Conclusion: Resistance training is beneficial for promoting hippocampal plasticity associated with BDNF signaling and consequently functional and cognitive benefits.

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Background & aim: learning style(s) is one of the factors effective learning. Information about students learning styles can aid the presentation of teaching appropriate to their individual style. The purpose of this study was to determine the learning styles of Yasuj nursing and midwifery students based on the VARK model in 2013. Methods: The present research was a descriptive- analytical study which was conducted on 140 students from nursing and midwifery faculty of Yasuj university of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2013. Sampling was done using census method, and data were collected using demographic information questionnaire followed by questionnaire of learning styles. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18, and descriptive- inferential statistics. Results: The mean age of the students was 20.68±1.34. Of the total of 140 students, 98 (70%) just selected only one type of the learning styles, whereas, 42 students preferred combination of different styles. Reading-writing style was the prevailing style among single learning style which selected by 43 students but the most frequent style among multi style was double style which was selected only by 15% of the participants. Conclusion: Most of the students had an individual learning style. Identifying the dominant learning style(s) of the students and adjusting them to the teaching methods of lecturers and also developing lesson plans based on learning styles could improve educational objectives.

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Background & aim: The immune system is involved in numerous activities including inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities. The activities associated with the production of Interferonγ and Interleukin-4. The present study investigated the effect of endurance training on the balance of these two cytokines pays more.

Methods: In the present study, 30 rats were selected and divided into 3 groups of 10: control, endurance and overtraining exercise. Endurance training protocol and overtraining were done for 12 weeks. Endurance training was done with the speed of 10 m/min in first week and 23m/min in last week. Overtraining protocol was done with the speed of 15 m/min in first week and 25 m/min in last week. Speleenectomy was done after interval training protocol, and then Interleukin 4 (IL4) and Interferon γ (IFNγ) were evaluated by the Eliza method. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test was used for data analysis.

Results: The results showed a significant increase in the amount of (IFNγ) and a decrease in the levels of IL4 in endurance training group (p=0.01). The results also exposed an increase in levels of IL4 and decrease IFNγ levels in overtraining group which was significant (p=0.01).

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the response to endurance training the amount of IFNγ and in response to overtraining the level of IL-4 was increased.