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Introduction & objective:Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala azar), a systemic infectious and life threatening disease of childhood, can be easily diagnosed and treated provided that there is enough knowledge about it otherwise, 90 –95% of patients may die due to severe, acute complications such as bleeding and opportunist infections. Following the incubation period and onset of clinical manifestations, the disease exhibits itself in the form of recumbent regular fever, weight loss, weakness, edema, anemia and hepato splenomegaly.Although the disease is potentially fatal, it is preventable and curable. This study aims at determining the distribution and clinical manifestations of kala azar among the admitted child patients in Yasuj Shahid Beheshti Hospital. Materials & Methods: This retrospective and descriptive research was carried out on 57 patients, admitted in pediatric ward of the hospital during 1375-1378. Demographic information and clinical manifestations were obtained from files through simple sampling and analyzed using SPSS. Results: This study showed that the majority of patients (66.7 %) were male. The average age of the patients was 2.67 ± 1.86 years. The highest rate of the disease (24.5%) belonged to Yasuj. Most cases (43.3%) occurred in spring time and the fewest cases in winter. The commonest clinical manifestations were fever (84.2%), splenomegaly (77.2%) and hepatomegaly (75.4%). Conclusion: Taking into account the findings of the study, it seams necessary to carry out a screening study on children living in the regions susceptible to the disease because of climatic and geographical conditions. In this way, prevention and treatment can be facilitated.

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Introduction & Objective: This descriptive and analytic study was conducted to assess the factors related to drug tendency among youth and adolescents and prevention of drug addiction in Kohgiloyeh and Boyrahmad province. Materials & Methods : In this study 3749 individuals (1911 male and 1839 female) were selected by cluster sampling and were interviewed using a questionnaire. Results: Results of this study showed that 40.7% of the studied people were familiar with drugs (20% familiar and 20.7% fairly familiar), and 1.7% of them have been using drugs. The most common types of drugs among drug users was opium (85.9) which was used in a traditional form (using opiumsmoker's pipe). It was found that the drugs have been introduced to drug users by their friends for the first time and their friends have provided the drugs for them. Our findings showed that the highest rate of drug using was in Gachsaran (2.8%) and the lowest rate was in Boyerahmad (1.3%). Also it was found that drug using among adolescents was more than in the other age groups (2.6%). These results indicated that the most useful method for families to prevent the youth and adolescents from drug addiction were: parent knowledge, parent–child relationship (27.3%) parent control of child behaviours (34.6%) and providing a peaceful and quite place at home (24.4%). The most appropriate educational method for preventing drug abuse was found to be media (33.6%) and among media, TV education (45.4%) was stated to be the best. Changing the rules about drug abuse campaign was emphasised (46.2%) for drug abuse prevention.The subjects in this study stated that the most appropriate method for punishing drug abusers and drug suppliers were imprisonment (39.3% and 37.5%), and execution (21.4% and 32.9%), respectively, and the most important method for punishment of drug smugglers were execution (53.2%) and imprisonment (27.1 %). In this study the most effective social method for drug-abuse prevention was stated to be providing the entertainment, cultural and educational facilities for leisure time (39.7%), providing the sports facilities (33.4 %).The most effective economical method for preventing drug-abuse was mentioned to be providing jobs for unemployed people (41.9%), campaigning against robbery and corruption and discrimination (33.6%). Conclusion: The recommended measurements for preventing drug addiction were as fallows: employment of young adults, closeure of boundries to prevent drug imports. Considering the result of this study, it would be difficult to point out the most effective and important method for preventing drug addiction. Differences in personal profiles, problms, attitudes, behaviours and beliefs about drug-abuse seek a multidimensional approach for this problem. Contribution of families, society and and authorities are needed to tackle this problem. Public and family education is a social vaccine which improve the immunity of society. Appropriate punishment of drug-users, drug suppliers, and drug smogglers make it difficult to find the drug easily. Employment of yuong adults, providing entertainment and sports centers would be effective in prevention of drug addiction.

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Introduction & Objective: Rhinoplasty is the most common surgery in the facial plastic surgery . We suspect to have a lot of personality disorder in the rhinoplastic patients , so we design this study for finding the relationship between rhinoplasty and personality disorders. Material & Methods: This study were done on a group of 60 patients had referred to Amir ـ Aalam hospital in Tehran for rhinoplasty and a group of 60 persons in were in Amir ـ Aalam hospital for other purposes as a control group. Two groups were same age, gender, economy and educations. We have done this study with Minnesota personality test (MMPI). Results: We find out Iranian rhinoplastic patients have three personality disorders, compare to control group. Immature personality were found 21.6% in rhinoplastic patients compare 1.6% in control group (p<0.01). Seclusion 18.3% in rhinoplastic patients compare to 3.3% in control group (p<0.05). Hypochondriasis 20% in rhinoplastic patients compare to 6.6% in control group (p<0.01). Conclusion:Personality disorders are very common in rhinoplastic patients and knowledge about personality of patients before operation is very important. We recommend study about personality of patients before every rhinoplastic surgery.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Self-inflicted burn is a violent method of suicide. Since our society faces lots of psychological, social, personal and economical problems due to self-inflicted burn, more survey for this event can assist us to know its causes and prevent from its occurrence. This research was carried out to compare general health, self- esteem and social support in patient's self-inflicted burn and non-self-inflicted burn of the Choromy accidental and burning hospital in Ganaveh. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive – analytic study. The sample consisted of 60 inpatients burnt (males & females) of the Choromy accidental and burning hospital (Ganaveh). The method of sampling was simple random. Participants completed the General Health Questionnaire (G.H.Q- 28) of Goldberg, Cooper Smith’s questionnaire of self–esteem and Philip’s social support scale. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and T-test were the major statistical analysis in this research. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the general health were 44.57 ± 14.65 for self-inflicted burn persons and for non - self inflicted burn they were 10.83 ± 6.27. In the self–esteem variable, the mean and the standard deviation were 57.90 ± 4.94 for self-inflicted burn persons and 55.47 ± 6.04 for non-self inflicted burn ones. Mean and standard deviation of whole social supporting were 20.40 ± 4.94 for self-inflicted burn persons and 23.73 ± 1.17 for non-self inflicted burn group. The findings showed significant differences between the two groups from viewpoint of general health and social supporting while there were no significant differences between two groups in case of self–esteem. Conclusion: There are a significant relationship between general health, social supporting and self-inflicted burn.Therefore, in order to prevent self inflicted burn it is suggested that we make a relationship between persons and societies, families, groups and different institutes.

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Introduction & Objective: Calcium is a micronutrient and now receiving much attention for its doubtful effects on weight and body fatness. A few mechanisms has been suggested for calcium effects on body fatness and the most emphasized one is the reducing of lipolysis and increasing lipogenesis via reducing parathyroid hormone levels. The present study is designed to evaluate the effects of nondairy dietary calcium on adipogenesis and adipocyte size in male Sprague dawley rats. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was done from November to September of 2005 at Tehran school of health, nutrition department. 48 male Spragu-Dawley rats from Damgostar Company were used in three randomly selected groups. The rats were fed low (0.2% W/W), usual (0.5% W/W) and high (1.2% W/W) dietary calcium based on AIN-93M purified diet. Rats were housed in 12 hours light-dark cycle, 22-25°C room temperature with free access to their respective diets. At the end of the experiment, rats were decapitated and carcass fat content, carcass ash content and mean adipocyte size in testis, peritoneal and subcutaneous fat pads were compared in three groups. The SPSS 11.5 was used as statistical software, running analysis of variance for comparing the effects. Results: weight gain, carcass fat content and adipocyte size, in groups were not significantly different, while serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in high calcium group was significantly lower than low calcium group (p<0.05) and insignificantly lower than usual calcium group [12.36, 23.57 and 42.2 pg/dl respectively]. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol were also insignificantly lower in high calcium group. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that physiological concentration of dietary calcium is not effective on weight gain, body fatness and adipocyte size. Relatively equal fat content beside significant difference in serum parathyroid hormone levels is against the parathyroid theory of calcium effects on body fatness. Finally we do not suggest any effect for calcium on body fatness and adipocyte size.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: There are different methods for improving hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia, the major risk factors of cardio-vascular disease. Calcium, a nutrient essential for many vital functions of the body is now receiving much attention for its possible hypolipidemic effects. The large bodies of studies on the effects of calcium on the serum lipids have shown conflicting results and also there is little evidence for its effects on serum insulin and glucose. Materials & Methods: In this study, the researchers evaluated the effects of three levels of dietary calcium (0.2, 0.5 and 1.2 gram% diet) on serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol and serum insulin and glucose in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The amount of fecal fat excretion was measured to determine the possible mechanism of lipid lowering effects of calcium. Results: Findings showed that increasing dietary calcium lowerd the serum cholesterol (p=0.04), LDL-cholesterol (p=0.02) but had no significant effects on HDL-cholesterol, serum insulin and glucose. There was a dose dependent increase in fecal fat excretion but was not statistically different on a percent basis. Conclusion: It can be concluded that calcium is an effective hypocholesterolemic nutrient but its effects on serum triglycerids, glucose and insulin need to be evaluated.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Pain, rather than any other problems, would persuade people to pursue remedy and treatment. Muscular injections are among pain producing factors. This technique of prescription can be followed by some complications from which pain is the most prevalent one. This study was performed to compare the pain severity caused by muscular injection of Tramadole in Z and Bulb methods. Materials & Methods: This is a clinical trial study in which 90 women who referred to the emergency ward of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Yasooj in 2006 were randomly selected. Data collection instrument was questionnaire. The pain severity was evaluated by visual scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical method, independent T and chi square test using SPSS software. Results: Mean of pain severity in bulb method was 2.84±1.242 and in Z method was 4.56±1.659. The independent T test indicated that the differences in pain severity in two injection methods were statistically significant (p=0.036). No significant differences were found between age, educational level, job, marriatal status, number of previous injections and BMI of samples between two groups. Conclusion: Bulb method injection induces less pain in comparison with Z method therefore it is an ideal method for muscular injections. As such, health care workers, especially nurses, can, through this method, minimize the patients’ pain, which is one of the most important injection complaints.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Unhygienic methods of colleting, storage, transportation and disposal of the hospital wastes results in serious hazards that can endanger the health and environment. These materials are classified as dangerous, and have to be collected and disposed based on special rules. Materials & Methods: In the present study we aimed to evaluate the quality of management of hospital wastes and to estimate the waste constituents in Yasuj hospitals. Density, constituents, methods of collecting, transportation and disposal of hospital wastes were evaluated in 3 consecutive days of every months of the year 2006. Results: Study showed that the daily production of solid wastes was 5.5 Kg per hospital bed and infected solid wastes were estimated to be 1.5 Kg per hospital bed. The total solid waste production was 1350 Kg per day which included 27.2 percent as infected solid wastes. Solid waste density was 160.7 Kg per cubic meter and its constituents were food wastes (19.753%), rubber (47.02%), paper (12.05%), glass (5.211%), metals (3.41%) and bandages, gases, clothes, etc (12.556%). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the solid waste management of the studied hospitals is not satisfying and more attention must be paid to the critical issues, such as plans for reducing solid wastes, isolating infected solid wastes at the production site and using safe and updated methods of disposal of solid wastes.

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Introduction & Objective: Stress is one of the most important phenomena in this century that has had a great impact on people’s mental and physical health and has become one of the main topics of organizational management. Primarily, nursing and taking care of patients is stressful itself. Therefore, in the working environment, any menace to organizational goals and reduction in the quality of nursing cares are due to stress. There are different therapeutic ways to deal with stress which cognitive behavioral therapy is one of them. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive behavior therapy on stress among nurses who worked at Yasuj Shahid Beheshti hospital in 2009. Materials & Methods: This was an experimental research that was carried out among 100 nurses working at Yasuj Shahid Beheshti hospital in 2009. The sampling type was available samples. After filling the DASS-42 questionnaire, we chose 30 cases that had the worst status from point of stress and were randomly divided into two groups: case and control groups. Each group consisted of 15 nurses. The cases were trained in 8 weeks, an hour a week, by a single clinical psychologist specialized in cognitive behavioral therapy. After the therapy, questionnaires were filled again by the two groups. Finally, two groups were compared together in view point of stress scores. For analysis of data we used the SPSS software and descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Results: The mean and standard deviations of stress in case group on the pre-test were7.96±18.73 and on the post test were 6.295±12.266 respectively, the mean and standard deviations of stress in the control group for pre-test were 8.413±21.066 and for post test were 9.019±20.733 respectively. There weren’t any significant differences between two groups before the intervention, but there were significant differences between case groups after the intervention. (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, cognitive behavioral techniques' training significantly reduces stress in nurses. Therefore, it is recommended to reduce nurses’ stress and increase the level of nursing services and promoting patients’ satisfaction by establishing a psychology consulting unit in hospitals.

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Introduction & Objective: Preeclampsia is a disease with worldwide importance to mothers and infants, where it accounts for 20–80% of the strikingly increased maternal mortality. The lack of enzymes added to the homocysteine metabolism or the cofactors necessary for its metabolism (folate, B6 vitamin, B12 vitamin) cause hyperhomocysteinemia. Abnormal serum lipid profiles such as cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyceride are associated with endothelial dysfunction. Recently high levels of B-HCG have been identified as a potential marker for developing preeclampsia. The purpose of this study was to identify the possible association of homocysteine, vitamin and some serum factors levels with preeclampsia in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A case control study was performed prospectively on normotensive healthy pregnant women (80) and pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia (80) referring to Imam Sadjad hospital in Yasuj, between September 2004 to August 2005. In addition to the obstetric evaluation and laboratory examination in the 3rd trimester of gestation, blood samples were taken from all cases for homocysteine and vitamin B12, folic acid, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, B-HCG analysis. The samples were evaluated by Immunoassay (ELISA). Univariant and logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of outcomes. Results: The mean plasma level of total homocysteine was significantly higher in preeclamptic women compared with normal pregnancy(p<0/05). No significant differences were observed in B12 concentrations and plasma folic acid (P>0.05). Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic women compared with normal pregnant women(p<0/05). LDL and HDL levels were not correlated with preeclampsia. There was no significant association between preeclampsia and B-HCG levels. Conclusion: Homocysteine, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations increase in preeclampsia but decrease of vitamin B12 and folic acid levels was not observed in preeclampsia. LDL, HDL and B-HCG levels were not different between preeclamptic women and women with normal pregnancy.

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Introduction & Objective: The film containing antimicrobial agents are a type of active packaging which is mainly designed to control microbial and chemical spoilage of food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and color properties of chitosan film incorporated with essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZEO). Materials & Methods: In this experimental study which was conducted at Urmia University of Medical Sciences between 2009-2010, the chemical composition of ZEO was analyzed using GC-MS. Chitosan films containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% ZEO, were obtained by casting method and subsequently, total phenol (TP), antioxidant, color (accordance with hunter system (L* (luminosity), * (redness), and b* (yellowness)) and antimicrobial characteristics of films on Listeria monocytogenes were studied. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software. Results: The order of TP for all films in the experiment was 2% ZEO1% ZEO 0.5% ZEO unsupplemented chitosan film, respectively. It was also concluded that the antioxidant activity of chitosan films was increased by adding various concentrations of ZEO. These increases were significant for film containing 1% (33.98%) and 2% (37.77%) ZEO (p0.05). Regarding the color luminosity (L*) of the chitosan film, results indicated no significant changes by incorporating ZEO, whereas the incorporation of ZEO into films had a significant effect on film yellowness, evidenced by lower b* values. Finally, it was shown that the presence of ZEO in chitosan films significantly modified the anti- listerial activity of chitosan, (p0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that an active film from chitosan could be achieved by incorporating ZEO. Addition of ZEO improves functional and antibacterial characteristics of chitosan film.

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Introduction & Objective: Nowadays, some studies indicate the adverse effects of exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents on the reproductive system of females. This study aimed to assess the relationship between spontaneous abortion with occupational exposure to organic solvents in pharmaceutical industry. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study which was carried out in 2010 in one of the pharmaceutical factories located in the suburbs of Tehran. During the study, married women who were working in the factory laboratory units and were exposed to mixed organic solvents were compared with married women who were working in the packing units of the factory without occupational exposure to organic solvents. Frequency of spontaneous abortion and duration of pregnancy were assessed in both two groups. Collected data were analyzed with the SPSS software using t-test, logistic regression, and chi-square test. Results: In the present study, the frequency of spontaneous abortion in employees with exposure to organic solvents mixture was 10.7%. This study showed that even after adjustment for confounding factors, there was a significant correlation between spontaneous abortion and occupational exposure to organic solvents mixture and this correlation increased with increasing levels of exposure to organic solvents. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between occupational exposure to mixed organic solvents and waiting time to become pregnant (TTP). Furthermore, this study showed that even after adjustment for confounding variables, shift workers were significantly more affected by spontaneous abortion compared to daytime workers (P < 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, since there is probability of spontaneous abortion resulting from occupational exposure to various chemicals including organic solvents, review of the status of occupational exposure of workers can be helpful in improving the reproductive health of female workers.

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Introduction & Objective: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders in the world which affects glucose metabolism in the body. Diabetes mellitus is due to lack of insulin secretion and/or failure in insulin action. Researches conducted in the last few decades on plants have reported anti-diabetic properties for some herbs and their traditional use for diabetes treatment. Capparis spinosa is one of these herbs which are used as an anti-diabetic treatment in tribal medicine. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-diabetic effects of Capparis spinosa on blood glucose and serum lipids in streptozotocin induced diabetes in male rats. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study conducted at Yasouj University of Medical Sciences in 2010, five groups of animals were selected. Three groups out of five were administered with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to become diabetic. Group I were fed normal diet. Group II of animals received 20 mg/kg/day Capparis spinosa extract. Group III received no treatment (diabetic control) and animals of groups IV and V were treated with capparis spinosa fruit extract 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight respectively for three weeks. Blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and body weight were measured in all animals. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software using one-way ANOVA. Results: Treatment with the 30 mg/kg/body weight of capparis spinosa fruit extract showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL, and a significant increase in HDL level. In addition, administration of 20 mg/kg/body weight of capparis spinosa extract decreased blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetic rats. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the oral administration of capparis spinosa extract at the dose of 30 mg/kg/body weight has glucose and lipids lowering activity in diabetic rats.

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Introduction & Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a type of progressing and degenerating disease of myelin membrane of nervous cells in the Central Nervous System (CNS) which could cause the incidence of many signs and complications in patients. The disease could affect different aspects of an individual’s life and disturb his/her normal life. This study was carried out in order to survey the effect of yoga exercise on general health status (GHS) and sense of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials & Methods: This research was a clinical trial study carried out at Yasouj University of Medical Sciences on 60 female patients with multiple sclerosis from Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province in 2009.The data collecting tool consisted was MSQoL-54 questionnaire contained demographic information of patients. Patients were randomly divided into two control and case groups (30 persons in each group). Then, the general health status (GHS) and sense of life of the subjects were evaluated. Yoga therapy was done in the case group for three months and each month included eight sessions of 1-1.5 hours while no intervention was carried out on the control group. One month after Yoga therapy, the general health status (GHS) and sense of life for both groups were evaluated and compared with each other. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive tests, statistical independent t-test and paired t-test by the SPSS software. Results: The mean age of samples was 31.6±8.0 with the range of 18-45 years. Forty two (70%) of the subjects were married and 18 (30%) were single. Forty four (73.3%) had high school education and 16 (26.6%) had a university degree. Regarding occupation, most of them (63.3%) were housewives. Results of the study showed that after Yoga therapy, the mean rate of general health status (GHS) and sense of life as a whole had significant statistical difference between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Yoga has improved the general health status (GHS) and sense of life of multiple sclerosis patients in our study. Considering the less cost, feasibility and rapid learning of Yoga techniques, the training of doing such exercise to patients with multiple sclerosis is recommended.

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Introduction & Objective: Unwanted pregnancies and its complications are one of the most important global problems related to mothers. The aim of the present study was to determine the factors affecting unwanted pregnancies in urban areas of the Kohgiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. Materials & Methods: In this case – control study conducted at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 2008 ,350 women were chosen as the case group, and 700 women as the control group. During the study, data collection forms were completed by each group. Subsequently, the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 by using the logistic regression, univariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: According to the results of univariate analysis, the variables husband’s education in primary school , age of the last child under one, uncertain prevention methods and receiving means of prevention from the private sector revealed that significant differences existed between the two groups (P Value<0/05). Finally, the multivariate analysis beetwen husband education variables, age of the last child , prevention methods, and receiving a contraceptive device, a significant correlation was observed with unwanted pregnancy(P Value<0/05). Conclusion: Results of this study determined that three variables (contraceptive method, the place of obtaining means, and level of her husband education) are the most important variables which affect the chance of increasing of unwanted pregnancy in users of contraceptive methods.

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Background & Aim: Mood disorders refer to a category of mental problems which intensively affect the person's mood quality and change his perception of self and the environment. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of an eight-week resistance activity on mood disorders (depression and mania) in secondary education students of Yasouj, Iran. Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental field study. The statistical population of the research included all male secondary education students of Yasouj city, and among the main population, 854 students were selected using cluster-random sampling. A questionnaire was filled up for by each student. Twenty four of the students showed symptoms of depression or mania. The depressed students randomly set in two groups with 9 samples (case & control) and manic students set in two groups with 3 samples in each group. Two subscales of depression and mania, and Minnesota multiphasic questionnaire (MMPI-A) were used in this study. Having completed the pretest, the experimental group completed a course of endurance exercise for 8 weeks, including three 50-minute sessions per week with intensity of 55 to 65% of maximum consuming energy, while the control group had no physical exercise. Finally, four groups were given post tests. The collected data were analyzed using dependent and independent t-test. Results: A significant difference between the mean score of depression and mania in pretest and posttest of the experimental group was seen. Also there was a significant difference between the mean score of depression of the experimental and control groups after intervention (p<0.001), whereas the mean scores of mania between the two groups weren't statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: It can be mentioned that resistance exercises have a significant effect on lessening depression and mania, and this decrease is much more sensible in depression disorder than mania.

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Background & Aim: High blood pressure in modern societies is considered a risk, so this study was carry out to investigate knowledge and practice of hypertensive patients based on national program to prevent and control the disease in Boyer Ahmad city. Methods: This study is a cross sectional descriptive study on 237 patients of high blood pressure had been applied. Subjects selected by stratified random sampling. Data collection instrument was a own structured questionnaire. Data entered in SPSS software version 11.5 and descriptive statistics and chi square test has been used for analyze of data. Results: The overall awareness and practice level of the patients equal to, 85% and 56%, respectively. Overall performance of patient 35.4 and 85.2 percent of patients taking the medicine as directed by your doctor respectively. 42.2 percent of patients had exercised are appropriate. 4.2 percent have managed to quit smoking. Relationship between literacy and general awareness of patients was significant (P=0.001). The difference between before and after g or identify patients was significant (P<0.001). Systolic blood pressure per year history of hypertension increases the amount of 1.26 mm Hg unit had increased.(P<0.001).Communicate knowledge and practices indicate that increased an awareness rating of .12 points increase in performance is observed.(P=0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge services to target populations considered consistent with national plans, but their performance in the field of medicine, diet, exercise and quit smoking program is not Compliant. A further study to improve the performance of patients is recommended.

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Background & Aim: Considering the evidence which show the effect of herbal medicine on renal stone treatment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Allium Jesdianum on prevention and treatment of calcium oxalate stone in rats. Methods: In the present experimental study, forty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (each group 11 rats) and then studied for 30 days. The Healthy control group only received normal water and a regular diet. The negative control group received 1% ethylene glycol in water during the study. The low dose and high dose preventive groups received 750 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg of Allium Jesdianum with 1% ethylene glycol every day. The 24-hour urine samples of rats were collected on days 1, 15 and 30 of the study. Then, under anesthesia, blood samples were taken directly from the heart. All rats were then killed and pathology of kidneys was checked for crystals of calcium oxalates in renal tubules. Data analysis was done by the SPSS software using One-way ANOVA. Results: The number of calcium oxalate crystals in the negative control group (18.7 ±26.1), the low dose preventive group (5.3±8.2) and high dose preventive group (80.6±82.8) in comparison to the healthy control group were increased and this difference in the high dose preventive group and healthy control group was significant (p <0.05) . Urinary oxalate in the 30th day was more in both preventive groups and negative control group in comparison to healthy control group and this diference was statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that Allium Jesdianum doesn't have a preventive effect on the formation of renal stones, and it also increases calcium oxalate crystals in kidney of male wistar rats that need more studies.