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the developed countries has been identified by the screening questionnaires and standard clinical interviews at a high level, but the epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorders in our country are brief and their numbers are few. Planning for providing essential mental health services to the people requires us to be knowledgeable about the present status of psychiatric disorders in the society. The objective of this research was to carry out the epidemiological study of the psychiatric disorders in the individuals 18 years and above in urban and rural areas of Kohgilouieh & BoyerAhmad province. Materials&Methods: 337 individuals selected through randomized clustered and systematic sampling methods from among the existing families of Kohgilouieh & BoyerAhmad province and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) questionnaires completed by the clinical psychologist. The diagnosis of the disorders was based on DSM-IV classification criteria. Results: The results of the study showed that the prevalence of psychiatric disorder

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Introduction & Objective: Protein is one of the important nutritional groups of which the main source is domesticated animals. Parasitic infection of these livestock is a threat to the meat resources as well as trouble to health of the user. So, the infection rate for zoon sis in each region can be an indicator for the health of the people living in that region. Concerning the geographical situation of Yasuj , tribal life and animal husbandry in this region, there is the probability of prevalence of zoon sis. Thus the present study has been done in order to investigate the infection rates of slaughtered domestic animals in Yasuj industrial slaughterhouse. Materials & Methods: This study was carried out descriptively and prospectively concerning the slaughter chart of the years 1380 and 1381 available in Yasuj industrial slaughterhouse and the veterinary office of the kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province. The information present in the charts were transferred to the tables designed according to desired variables such as the kind and the number of the slaughtered domestic animals, the kind of the parasite, the number of the infected domestic animals, month, season and the year. These information were analyzed statistically. Results: In this paper, the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica was investigated and it was concluded that 27490 (14.4%) domesticated animals out of the total number 190861 slaughtered domestic animals including sheep, goats and cattle has been infected by this parasite. Infection rate was (9.26%) . In general, the highest prevalence rate was in the winter. The prevalence rate of infection in sheep (17.71%) was higher than the one in cattle (16.71%) and in goats (11.69%). Conclusion: The infection rate for zoon sis is considerable in Yasuj. So the separation of the infected domestic animals, the omission of these infected bodies from the nutritional material production cycle as well as the cure of the infected domestic animals can play an important role in improving the public health. These infections were mostly in winter and it is thought that, concerning the life cycle of parasites, these infections are because of the contamination of animals in spring and summer

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ABSTRACT Introduction & Objective: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and other endocrine disorders are frequent in thalassemic patients that need regular transfusion due to iron overload. This study aimed at determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus Materials & Methods: In this cross- sectional descriptive study fasting blood suger (FBS) of 223 patients was checked for two times (103 patients from Yasuj , 64 patients from Gachsaran- 56 patients from Dehdast). Results: Prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 3.1% (7 patients) and prevalence of impaired FBS was 4% (9 patients). These two conditions were more in patients from Dehdast than those from Yasuj and Gachsaran. No significant correlation was found between the prevalence of DM and impaired FBS and the age of blood transfusion and disferral taking. Prevalence of impaired FBS and diabetes mellitus in female patients was significantly higher than that in male patients. Conclusion: It seems that a survey of endocrine glands and an evaluation of diabetes mellitus must be done regularly in cooly’s centers especially for patients older than 10 years old..

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ABSTRACT Introduction & Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) , is a common disease with multi-factorial etiology, and is a common cumulative trauma disorders. There are various causes for CTS, including high force, jobs of high repetition, prolonged posturing and vibration. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in carpenters of Yasuj city. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study. Thirty eight carpenters were studied by electro-myographic evaluation for CTS. No cases had history of systemic disease. Nerve conduction studies of upper limbs were performed for each participants. Results: Mean delayed of sensory and motor of left and right median nerves were 4.12, 4, 4.28 and 3.93 ms respectively. Prevalence of CTS was 15.8 percent among carpenters. Mean time of contact with vibration for starting of CTS was about 25.67 years. Conclusion: Vibration and vibratory jobs such as carpentery cause high prevalence of CTS.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Several studies have been performed about the association between Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma some of which have confirmed while others have excluded this link. The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible connection of gastric carcinoma with Helicobacter pylori infection. Materials & Methods: We evaluated 70 gastric carcinoma and 70 age and sex matched control subjects (without any mass or ulcer) for H. pylori infection by Geimsa staining of the samples obtained from the subjects. Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 37.14% in control subjects, 44.44% in intestinal type and 40% in diffuse type of gastric carcinoma. Conclusion: Statistical analysis did not reveal any meaningful difference between the prevalence of H. pylori in case and control group in this study. Therefore, the relationship between H. pylori and gastric carcinoma was excluded in our study. Atrophy and metaplasia intestine which result in reduction of colonization of bacteria and also bias in sampling might account for the findings of the present study.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Despite the cesarean section expenses, its mortality and morbidity rate is more than that of normal delivery.The world health organization has proposed the maximum of cesarean of cesarean section & real indicators to be 15%. This is a descriptive research which defines the prevalence of cesarean section & the related causes in Yasuj city in 1382. Material & Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive analytical study. Subjects were 3596 mothers & they were equal to the population size. A questionnaire was completed by each subject & the collected data were analyzed by methods of descriptive statistics. Results: The result showed that the total number of reported delivery was 3596, out of which, 73.89% had normal, 26.06% had cesarean section & 0.05% had delivery with forceps & vacuum. About 68. 19% of those who used cesarean had their first or second delivery .42% of multi para women with cesarean closed their tubes. The most common reasons for cesarean were: repeated cesarean section (23.69%), elective (13.67), CPD (13.56%), fetal distress (13.45%), no cephalic presentation (11.63%) & mothers diseases (10.35%). Conclusion: The rate of cesarean in Yasuj is higher than world standard (32.92%). In order decrease the number of unnecessary cesarean, teaching the young pregnant mothers about the disadvantages of cesarean is necessary.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Coronary artery disease is the main cause of mortality in developing countries like Iran. Due to failure of classic risk factors to completely explain epidemiologic variability of the disease, other risk factors, for example infection diseases are under investigation. One of these infectious agents is Helicobacter pylori which have been investigated in numerous studies. This study was designed to assess the controversies about Helicobacter pylori prevalence in acute coronary syndrome, Materials & Methods: All the patients with ACS including unstable angina and myocardial infarction who referred to Fatemie Hospital between 20 Feb 2003 to 9 Feb 2004 and were admitted in CCU ward were included in this cross–sectional study. A total of 411 patients with ACS were evaluated for prevalence of Helicobacter pylori antibody. Results: Mean age of patients was 59.97and 56% of them were male. The serological test for Helicobacter pylori infection was positive in 45.6% of cases, negative in 43.8% and borderline in 10.6% of patients. 191 patients had unstable angina and 220 patients had myocardial infarction. Conclusion: This study showed that prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with acute coronary syndrome was not high. Thus acute or chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori could not be a risk factor for ACS.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease of human with prevalence of 1 to 4 percent. Peripheral neuropathy is one of the chronic complications of diabetes and its prevalence is not properly known, but worldwide is from 5 to 66 percent. The prevalence of this complication is not known in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in definite cases of diabetes type 2 and related factors in Dena town-ship in fall 2004. Materials & Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study that 40 definite cases of type 2 diabetes )28 females and 12 males( whose duration of disease were between 5 to 25 years were selected randomly. After informing and taking history and physical examination of the subjects, the nerve conduction study and electromyography were performed for them. Then the data were analyzed by SPSS software and X2 and Fischer exact tests. Results: Results of this study showed that prevalence of diabetes in urban and rural areas of Dena township were 1 and 0.8 percent respectively. Prevalence of neuropathy was 52.5% which comprised of 17.5% peripheral neuropathy, 22.5% carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and 12.5% combined form. The distal symmetrical sensorimotor peripheral polyneuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome were the most common peripheral neuropathy and entrapment mononeuropathy, respectively. In this study, there were no significant statistical correlation between peripheral neuropathy and sex, age, duration of diabetes, fasting blood sugar, underlying disease, retinopathy and nephropathy, but significant correlation was found between mononeuropaty (CTS) and fasting blood sugar. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus causes high prevalence of neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy & mononeuropathy) which is not related to duration of diabetes, retinopathy, nephropathy, age and underlying disease. We concluded that early diagnosis of disease could be done by educating of people and this can lead to a decrease in complications of diabetes.

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Introduction & Objective: According to WHO report, there are more than 40.3 million people infected with HIV worldwide. Detection of HIV-infected people in each community helps to control and prevent the infection. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HIV infection among high-risk groups in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province in Iran. Materials & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which was conducted in 2009 in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province in Iran. High-risk groups for HIV were the subjects of this study. Blood samples were taken from 2009 people from Boyerahmad, Gachsaran, and Dehdasht and tested by ELISA for anti-HIV1/2 antibodies. Demographic features of participants were recorded using a questionnaire during sample collecting. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 13 software. Results: From 2009 subjects, HIV antibody was detected in 36 (1.8%) of cases. High prevalence of infection (3.2%) was seen in 31-40 years age group. The rate of infection was higher in males compared to females. Unemployed people were found to be the main victim of the disease. The highest rate of infection was seen in Gachsaran in comparison to other townships. Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrated that HIV infection is prevalent in high-risk groups in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province and control measurements should be implemented to prevent the distribution of the infection.

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Introduction & Objective: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease. Asthma affects one in 13 school age children and is a leading cause of school absenteeism. It seems that prevalence of asthma is increasing wordwide. Many factors are identified and reported as factors related to asthma. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of asthma and associated factors in 600 children under six years using logistic regression and probit. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 children under six years old. Questionnaire was constructed based on ISSAC questionnaire and its reliability was determined with a pilot study and calculated by the Cronbach's alpha equal to 69 percent. Cluster sampling based on household records as clusters was performed. Questionnaires were completed by trained staff under supervision of an expert person and by interviewing parents and children. Results: The prevalence of asthma was estimated to be 3.10 (7.89 to 12.78) percent. Based on fitting models to data, factors such as gender, maternal nutrition, exclusive breast feeding to 6 months, smoking at home by a family member and having a history of respiratory allergy in families were significantly associated with asthma prevalence (p-value ≤ 0.05). The results also demonstrated that the both models are almost identical in evaluating the data. Conclusion: This study showed that estimated asthma prevalence is equal to average prevalence reported in Iran. Protective factors, such as exclusive breast feeding as a strategy can be appropriated in children's health care programs and should be much more considered.

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Background & Aim: A number of different factors including social and economic status have been reported for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The purpose of this study was to examine the serological prevalence of H. pylori infection as well as its associated factors among the students of Islamic Azad University of Gachsaran. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which all of the students employed to the study were attending the academic year 2010-2011 at the Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran Branch. Subjects of this study were 272 students who were selected by cluster random sampling. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire prepared in two parts for demographic data and risk factors associated with Helicobacter infection. Its content validity was obtained using review of the existing literature and resources as well as experts' poll on the subject. Reliability of the questionnaire was approved by performing test-retest. Information about the serological status of Helicobacter infection were collected using the ELISA method to measure IgG antibody titers by taking 5 ml of venous blood. The collected data were analyzed through the statistical software SPSS version 16, using descriptive statistics and statistical test such as chi-square and t student test. Results: The mean of antibody titer to Helicobacter infection was 32.75± 28.30 (range 1.40-127). Anti-Helicobacter antibody was detected in 67.6% of students while 16.8% of them were negative for anti-Helicobacter antibody and borderline antibody levels were detected in 15.6% of the subjects. No statistically significant differences were found between the seroprevalence of Helicobacter and factors such as age, sex, blood type, family income, numbers of family members, the status of cigarettes smoking and alcohol consumption, history of gastrointestinal disorder in subjects or their families and personal hygiene behaviors (hand washing prior to meal and post bowel movement) (p>0.05). Conclusions: Serological prevalence of infection with Helicobacter infection was high among the students studying at Gachsaran Islamic Azad University therefore it calls for the attention of the health authorities.

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Abstract Background & Aim: Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of dehydrating and gastroenteritis among children worldwide. . The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rotavirus in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Imam Sajjad Hospital of Yasuj. Methods: This cross sectional – descriptive study was done on 184 stool samples of children younger than 7 years of age hospitalized at Imam Sajjad hospital of Yasuj in 2011 due to acute gastroenteritis. All samples were routinely analyzed for detection of rotavirus by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) test. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16, Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: Of the 184 samples analyzed, 52(28.26%) were positive.The Results showed significant relationship between the seasonal distribution and virus detection (p=0/001). The highest incidence of rotavirus was seen in autumn with frequency of (48.08%) and the lowest in spring (5.77%). Conclusions: According to high prevalence of rotavirus infection, continual surveillance is necessary to provide useful data for formulating effective vaccines and perform diarrhea prevention programs. Key words: Rotavirus, Gastroenteritis, Prevalence, Elisa

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Background & aim: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease prevalent in many countries. Due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs to treat this disease, such patients are more likely to be afflicted by opportunistic infections and intestinal parasitic diseases. Aim of the current study was to recognize the prevalence of parasitic infection of these patients in Ahvaz city, 2011-2012. Methods: The study randomly assigned 100 stool samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus admitted to medical centers and hospitals of Ahvaz Imam Khomeini and Golestan. Samples were then sent to Parasitology Laboratory of Ahvaz Medical Sciences University and Lupus erythematosus was confirmed by a rheumatologist physician the samples were tested by direct, sedimentation technique, trichrome andziehl-neelsen staining for microscopic observation. The patient's data were obtained by questioner form and descriptive statistical was used for data analyzing. Results: At least 18% of the patients were infected by a single digestive cell. The highest rate of infection applied to Entamoeba Cola by 8% and the lowest applied to Giardia and Cryptosporidium by 2%. Helminthes infections were not observed in this study. Conclusion: Low rate of parasitic infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in this study could be due to rising health care and public health data compared to previous years. Keywords: Lupus Erythematosus, Parasite Infection, Prevalence

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Introduction and objective: Tooth caries is the most prevalent infectious disease in children. The purpose of this study was to assess carries experience indexes and related factors among 7-12 year-old school children in Yasuj, Iran, in 2014.

Materials and methods: In the present Cross-sectional and analytical study, using a two-stage random sampling, 460 students from primary schools of Yasuj city and surrounding villages were selected. The children were clinically examined at their school by a professional calibrated dentistry team. Their demographic and socioeconomic status, mouth health behaviors and teeth carries status and consumed nutritional materials were gathered by a questioner and a dental chart. The data were analyzed using inferential statistical methods. The SPSS software version 22 was used to extract the outputs and &alpha=0.05 was considered as the significant level.

Results: The dental caries prevalence of deciduous, permanent and total of  two type of dents were  75.2, 41.1 and  89.8 percent, respectively and the dmft, DMFT and dmft+DMFT indexes were 3.57, 0.87, and 4.44, respectively.. The caries prevalence of permanent teeth and DMFT in girls were significantly higher than boys (p=0.046), but the caries prevalence in total of dents in boys was significantly higher than girls ( p=0.32). Furthermore, the dental caries prevalence in permanent teeth and DMFT in children resident in rural areas were significantly higher than those in urban areas (p<0.0001). The DMFT had a direct association with the children’s age and the dmft + DMFT index had a significant adverse linear correlation with Body Mass Index (BMI) of children (p=0.004). Moreover, the output indicated that tooth caries experiences in children who used dental flossing was significantly lower (p=0.027). Correspondingly, in children who used tooth brushing, consumed dairy foods, whom their fathers being official employees and parents having higher education, dental caries prevalence was lower (p>0.1).

 Conclusions: Prevalence and severity score of dental caries among 7 - 12 year-old Yasuj students were higher than the WHO standards. The tooth caries experiences were more prevalent in boys and in children resident in rural areas, increased with age and decreased with BMI and less prevalent in children with higher family socioeconomic status. Tooth brushing and flossing and consuming dairy foods were protective agents in occurring tooth caries in primary school children in Yasuj, Iran.

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Background & aim: Hepatitis B risk factors are a main consideration among jobs related in healthcare. There is a high risk of hepatitis B infection in health care workers, compared to the general population due to higher exposure to patients infected with the virus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunity against hepatitis B virus and frequency of HBsAg positive cases among medical staffs of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Yasuj, Iran.
 
Methods: The present cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study was conducted by interviewing 270 personnel of Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Yasuj in 2016. After completing the questionnaire which included demographic and review vaccination records, 5 ml of blood was taken from the participants. Using an ELISA kit specific antibody levels against hepatitis B virus and HBsAg were measured. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square.

Results: A total of 112 patients (41.5%) of the subjects were male and 158 (58.5%) were female. The results indicated that a number of seven subjects (6.2%) had no immunity against hepatitis B virus, 68 (25.1%) had border immunity and 195 (72.2%) had complete immunity. 9 patients (3/3 %) were infected with hepatitis B. Among these participants, 5 patients (55.6%) were female and 4 (44.4%) were male. None of them had any sign of obesity, smoking, high risk sexual behavior, blood transfusion and did not develop jaundice.

 
Conclusion: The present study revealed that the frequency of HBsAg positive cases was in the expected range, and that the samples studied had a favorable safety level.

 

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Background & aim: Metabolic syndrome is the result of a general imbalance of metabolic processes in the body which increases mortality due to cardiovascular disease. The syndrome has recently attracted the attention of health care researchers to its impact on quality of life. Rational differences and occupational diversity affect the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the disease among Gachsaran oil industry employees.
 
Methods: The present paper was a descriptive cross-sectional study. During the years 2016-20173, 360 employees were randomly selected using a questionnaire, Alpikado pressure gauge, and Scala scale. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure triglyceride, glucose, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol. Diagnosis was performed using NCEP ATP III criteria, with prevalence of less than 10, 10-25 and above 25% as low, moderate and high prevalence respectively. The collected data were analyzed using Chi-Square and logistic regression.
 
Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the whole sample was 30.3, 31.2 and 7.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 74.1%, thyroid triglyceride 46.6%, high systolic blood pressure 39, HDL cholesterol Low 33, fasting blood glucose was 13.3 and high diastolic pressure was 13%. A reduction in serum HDL cholesterol and one increase in waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and triglyceride were associated with a 15, 14, 7, 4 and 1 percent increase the odds of contracting a disease , respectively.
 
Conclusion: The prevalence of high metabolic syndrome was higher; in addition, the prevalence was higher in men than in women. This indicated the impact of gender differences and occupational situations on the prevalence of this metabolic disorder. Therefore, the necessity of paying more attention to specific occupations in periodic studies is recommended.
 
 

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Background & aim: Psychiatric disorder is a disease in which patients suffer from emotional problems that these are visible in all aspect of patient’s life. So, the aim of this study was investigated the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among patients referred to Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah, 2015-16.

 

Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The study population consisted of patients admitted to Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah who were admitted between March 1, 2015 and March 2015. Since the prevalence of mental illness in Kermanshah is 23.5%, with d equal to 0.05 and confidence coefficient 0.95, the sample size in this study was estimated to be 275 people. Random sampling, 275 (approximately 10% of each disorder) were selected and evaluated. The information required for each patient was recorded in a pre-prepared checklist for each patient. The distribution of each patient's epidemiological characteristics was determined according to the type of psychiatric disorders. Inclusion criteria included informed consent, patient referral in the mentioned time period and completeness of their medical records in terms of the variables studied, and exclusion criteria included lack of consent, incomplete archival records of patients referring to this time period. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test.

 

Results: The mean age of patients was 39.39 13 13.24 years. 98 patients (35.6%) were female and 177 (64.4%) were male. Of these, 116 (42.2%) were married and 130 (47.3%) were married. Were single and 29 (10.5%) divorced. The results showed that schizophrenia had the highest prevalence (25.8%) and delirium (1.5%) and dementia (1.8%) respectively. Also bipolar disorder was 19.3% and depression 11.3% were other common disorders. Personality disorders and schizoaffective disorders were identified as 8.4% and 7.3%, respectively, schizoaffective and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (6.9%), respectively. Substance abuse, 4.7%, obsessive-compulsive personality, 4%, and mental retardation were 2.2%.

 

Conclusion: Given the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, it is recommended that public awareness be improved to better understand these disorders with the help of mass media, counseling centers, and medical sciences universities. The results of this study can also help mental health planners to design interventions related to prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of disorders. Correspondingly, by raising the level of community awareness and genetic counseling, mental retardation disorder can be largely prevented.

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Background & aim: Concurrent stunting with overweight" is one of the consequences of nutritional transition, which has worsened the outcomes more than overweight itself. The aim of this study was to determine the trend of anthropometric indices in primary to high school students in Eslam Abad-e Gharb city, Iran.
 
Methods: The present analytical-comparative study was conducted in 2017 in the city of Islamabad-e-Gharb, and students from 16 high schools were randomly selected and surveyed by cluster sampling. High school metrics were measured in the same year. Elementary school information was collected through school student files. In this study, "short stature at the same time with overweight" was defined as "z-score equal to + 1 and above BMI for age and z-score equal to 1- and less" height for age "based on simultaneous placement. Collected data was analyzed using Fisher and Chi-square statistical tests.
 
Results: In the present study, out of 731 people, 350(47.9%) were girls and 381 (52.1%) were boys. The prevalence of short stature at the same time with overweight in primary school was 0.55%(4 people) and in high school was 3.83% (28 people), which was significant from primary school to high school among all students studied (p=0.001). In short, the index was not significant in girls (p=0.001), but not significant in boys (p = 0.506).
 
Conclusion: The prevalence of short stature has been on the rise with overweight students (especially girls) from elementary school to high school.
 
 
 

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Background & aim: Accurate knowledge of root canal morphology is essential for standard endodontic treatment. Mandibular incisor teeth are usually single-rooted and single-canal, but sometimes have a second canal that, if left untreated, can lead to failure of endodontic treatments. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine and compare the accuracy of periapical radiography with CBCT in observing the second channel in mandibular incisors.
 
Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional analytical research and fitted to correlation schemes in terms of data collection and analysis methods. The statistical population consisted of 292 periapical radiographs and CBCT of mandibular incisor teeth in 73 patients (including 41 females and 32 males). All patients were required to prepare these images for their treatment process. Radiographs were evaluated by two trained dental students in axial, coronal and cross-sectional sections. The number of lower incisors and their shape were recorded according to Vertucci's classification for dental canal morphology. If there was any disagreement between the two students, the radiologist was consulted to make the final decision. Data were analyzed using t-test.
 
Results: CBCT examination indicated that 78.4% of mandibular incisors were single-canal and in the rest two-channel, but in periapical radiographic examination none of the teeth exposed the presence of two channels. Central teeth had more cases of two canals than lateral and male teeth compared to women. In Vertuchi classification, among the two-canal teeth, the highest prevalence was related to type four (6.4%) and the lowest prevalence was related to type three (4%).
 
Conclusion: Although periapical radiography is a routine procedure for endodontic treatment, CBCT radiography should be used when endodontic treatment fails or a second canal is present.

 

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Background & aim: Infertility is an important medical and social issue in all societies. Access to accurate and up-to-date infertility statistics and related causes can be useful in formulating policies to assist infertile couples and refer them to infertility centers and their treatment and resolution of problems. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine and investigate the prevalence of infertility in Boyer-Ahmad district based on the SIB system from 2016 to 2018.
 
Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytical study conducted on 1536 couples who were referred to all health centers in Boyer Ahmad district affiliated to Yasuj University of Medical Sciences during 2016-2018. The data were collected by interview using a researcher-constructed questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by content validity. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18 at the descriptive level. Quantitative descriptive data are presented as mean (standard deviation) and qualitative in the form of frequency (percentage).
 
Results: In the present study, the mean (SD) age of infertile women was 38/6 ± 01/33 and men age 39/8 ± 45/38 years. The prevalence of infertility in Boyerahmad was 8.13%, of which 44.06% had primary infertility and 55.93% had secondary infertility. The mean (standard deviation) of women was 27.93±5.49. In primary infertility, 42.3% were female, 26.9% were mixed, 23.1% were male and 7.7% were idiopathic.
 
Conclusion: The prevalence of infertility in Boyer Ahmad district was lower than the national rate and previous studies. In the frequency distribution of infertility type, secondary infertility was more frequent. Regarding sampling based on SIB system and differences in infertility statistics in the province compared to Iran and the world, this finding may be due to the low number of infertile couples surveyed due to lack of information on infertile women in SIB system. Therefore, further steps are recommended to lower the deficiencies of the SIB system in order to obtain accurate population statistics of infertile women. Providing more health facilities in government centers correspondingly seems to help.