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ABSTRACT Introduction & Objective: Post-operative shivering is a common complication of general anesthesia with a reported incidence of 40ـ70 percent. It increases metabolic rate of oxygen demand, cardiac output, intracranial pressure, surgical incision retracture and post-operative pain. Various drugs such as NSAIDS have been used to treat or prevent post-anesthetic shivering. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Diclofenac Na suppository on post-anesthetic shivering. Materials & Methods: This is a doubleـblind randomized clinical trial performed on 120 primiparous women undergone elective Caesarian delivery. They were randomly divided into two case and control groups. Vital signs of all the patients were measured before anesthesia and recorded. Drugs used for premedication, induction and maintenance of anesthesia were the same in both groups. Just before the induction of general anesthesia, patients in case group received one suppository (100 mg) of diclofenac Na. Shivering was evaluated during 60 minutes after extubation and vital signs were measured as well. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Post anesthetic shivering was observed in 61/7% of control group and 5% of case group (p< 0. 0001). Post anesthetic hypothernia was much more frequent in control group in comparison with Diclofenac Na group (p<0. 0001). In comparison with control group, case group had more stability in body temperature. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that a single dose of suppository Diclofenac Na (100 mg) prevents post-anesthetic shivering without significant effect on body temperature. Accordingly, it can be suggested that suppository Diclofenac Na can be used for the management of post operative shivering.

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Introduction & Objective: Sore-throat and hoarseness are the most common complication after endotracheal intubation which take place 12-24 hr after operation. Different studies have reported the incidence of these complications between 24-90%. Increase of heat on the trachea will raise the blood pressure in the local capillaries and therefore induce better blood supplementation to the local tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of local heat on the incidence of sore- throat and hoarseness after endotracheal intubations. Materials & Methods: One hundred and sixty patients aging 15 -50 years old, candidate for elective surgeries under general anesthesia, were randomly divided into two groups. Patients for head and neck surgeries were excluded from the study. Methods of intubation, type, size, cuff pressure of ETT, method of anesthesia and time of operation were the same for all patients. During the operation time, local heat was applied on the external surface of trachea (up to 40 0C) by using electrical blanket for the patients in the study group. 24 hr after operation all the patients were visited by anesthesiologist for evaluating the sore– throat and hoarseness. Results: The incidence of sore-throat in the control group was 65% versus 40% in the study group (p<0.05). Moreover the incidence of hoarseness was 66.2% in the control group versus 10% in the case group. Conclusion: Application of local heat (40 0C) on the external surface of trachea can effectively decreases the incidence of postoperative sore – throat and hoarseness.

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Introduction & Objective: Many Iranian families manage to keep pets at home. Examining psychological consequences and personality traits of pet owners is important. The aim of this study was to examine mental health status and personality traits of pet owners. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, 612 pet owners (143 cat owners, 162 dog owners, 155 bird owners and 152 other pet owners) were asked to complete General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and IPIP Personality Scale from January to December 2006. Results: Bird owners had the highest (234 cases (38.3%)) and other pet owners had the lowest (129 cases (42.3%)) mental health problems. In general, 188 cases (30.7%) of all groups had mental health problems. 122 cases (20%) of them had somatic compliance, 182 cases (29.7%) had anxiety, 149 cases (24.3%) had social dysfunction and 84 cases (13.7%) had depression. Bird owners had significant high level of social dysfunction than other pet owners. With respect to personality traits, dog owners had low level of agreeableness and openness to experience than other groups. Other pet owners had high level of emotional stability than other groups. Conclusion: Contrary to other countries, it seems that having a pet in home enhances the probability of mental disorders in Iran. It is possible that lower mental health persons were keeping pets in Iran. In personality perspectives, dog owners are more disagreeable people and other pet owners are more emotionally stable ones.

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Introduction & Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common important arrhythmia of cardiac surgery. Magnesium, like several other pharmacologic agents, has been used in the prophylaxis of postoperative AF with varying degrees of success. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of magnesium administration in reducing postoperative AF after cardiac surgery. Materials & Methods: In a double blind randomized clinical trial, over an 18-month period, 162 patients that electively scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass were studied. The patients were randomly assigned to magnesium receiving (n=81) and placebo (n=81) groups. In magnesium group, the patients were received an intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate, 2 g, immediately after the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. Total serum magnesium concentration was measured before induction, immediately after operation (before magnesium infusion), and 24 hr after ICU admission. AF was sought with a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) from the end of surgery up till 72 hr after operation. Results: AF occurrence in magnesium group (7.4%) was lower than placebo group (34.6%) and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in serum magnesium level during the follow-up. In patients with AF, the serum magnesium concentration before operation was significantly lower than others (p=0.0001). In all patients, the serum magnesium was decreased immediately after operation (p<0.0001). Conclusion: This study showed that hypomagnesemia is a common finding after postoperative cardiac surgery and it is associated with post operation AF. The use of magnesium in early postoperative periods is highly effective in reducing the incidence of AF after coronary artery bypass grafting

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Introduction & Objective: Lead contamination dramatically influences different body systems especially the central nervous system. Lead absorption during gestational period has deleterious effects on fetal differentiation and development and it may possibly result in learning deficits in adulthood. Recent studies have demonstrated positive effects of Melissa officinalis on memory improvement in some neural disorders. The aim of the present study is to investigate the protective effects of Melissa on learning deficits in lead acetate exposed rats. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study in department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (2008-2009), 40 mated Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups as follows: control, negative control (Pb), Melissa (M) and Pb+M, and each in 3 different subgroups. The treatment started from the 7th day of gestation and continued during pregnancy and lactation. The learning ability and memory retention of four months old offspring were tested by complex T-maze. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software using one-way ANOVA and Toki test. Results: A significant difference was found between lead exposed group and other groups regarding the time to reach the goal and the number of errors while there was no meaningful difference between the control and other experimental groups. Conclusion: In lead exposed rats, learning deficits were obviously noticed. Since there was meaningful difference between control and Pb+M subgroups, Melissa can possibly improve learning deficits in lead acetate exposed rats.

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Introduction & Objective: Visfatin is a newly discovered adipokine which increases with obesity. It is not clear whether resistance versus endurance training which induces changes in adipose tissue and blood lipids might decrease the plasma level of visfatin. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eight weeks of resistance versus endurance training on plasma level of visfatin in middle-aged men. Materials & Methods: This clinical-trial study was conducted in 2010, in Ghachsaran, Iran. Twenty eight healthy middle-aged men (aged 38.3 ± 4.7 years height 173.5 ± 5.9 cm BMI 25.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were the subjects of this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into resistance training group (n=9), endurance training group (n=9) or control group (n=10). Resistance training performed 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65–80% of one-repetition maximum, 8-12 repetitions and 2-4 sets for 8 weeks. Endurance training group underwent an 8-week intervention with a frequency of 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65 – 80% maximum heart rate for 20 – 34 minutes. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 15.5 software using t-test. Results: The results showed that the body fat percent, WHR and plasma visfatin were decreased after resistance and endurance training (P<0.05). Maximum oxygen consumption, on the other hand, increases significantly in the two training groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). Plasma visfatin levels at baseline were positively correlated with body fat percent and triglyceride concentration (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of resistance and endurance training induces change in adipose tissue, and also decreases the plasma visfatin level in middle-aged men.

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Introduction & Objective: Visfatin is a newly discovered adipokine which increases with obesity. It is not clear whether resistance versus endurance training which induces changes in adipose tissue and blood lipids might decrease the plasma level of visfatin. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eight weeks of resistance versus endurance training on plasma level of visfatin in middle-aged men. Materials & Methods: This clinical-trial study was conducted in 2010, in Ghachsaran, Iran. Twenty eight healthy middle-aged men (aged 38.3 ± 4.7 years height 173.5 ± 5.9 cm BMI 25.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were the subjects of this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into resistance training group (n=9), endurance training group (n=9) or control group (n=10). Resistance training performed 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65–80% of one-repetition maximum, 8-12 repetitions and 2-4 sets for 8 weeks. Endurance training group underwent an 8-week intervention with a frequency of 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65 – 80% maximum heart rate for 20 – 34 minutes. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 15.5 software using t-test. Results: The results showed that the body fat percent, WHR and plasma visfatin were decreased after resistance and endurance training (P<0.05). Maximum oxygen consumption, on the other hand, increases significantly in the two training groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). Plasma visfatin levels at baseline were positively correlated with body fat percent and triglyceride concentration (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of resistance and endurance training induces change in adipose tissue, and also decreases the plasma visfatin level in middle-aged men.

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Introduction & Objective: Surgical wound infection is one of the common nosocomial infections. During operation, members of the surgical team which are in contact with the tissue incision should observe the standards of infection control in the operating room since it has a great role in prevention and control of these infections. The present study aimed to determine the performance of the operating room personnel in observing the standards of infection control in educational hospitals of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 2009. Materials & Methods: Forty two operating room personnel participated in this cross-sectional analytic-descriptive study. A check list was used for unnoticeably collecting the data about the performance of personnel in respect of infection control standards at three different times. Their performances were classified into four levels (very weak, weak, moderate and good) and the results were shown as absolute and relative frequency distribution. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Fischer exact test by the SPSS software. Results: Performance of personnel in following the standards of infection control in this study was moderate. Conclusion: The results indicate that the participants of the study do not follow some of the standards of infection control in the operating rooms. Therefore, further activities of the committees of infection control and using of new antiseptic for surgical scrub are recommended.

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Background & Aim: Quality of life promotion is important for control of type II diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of demographical, psychological and disease characteristics factors on quality of life in patients with type II diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010-2011 in outpatient's diabetic clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 269 outpatients with type II diabetes were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by scales of Quality of Life Scale, Depression of DASS, diabetes self-management, diabetes knowledge, and demographical Information-disease characteristics questionnaire and analyzed, using correlation and stepwise multiple regression. Results: there was a significantly positive relationship between self-management and diabetes knowledge with quality of life. Moreover, there was a significantly negative relationship between diabetes duration, depression, HbA1c and diabetes complications with quality of life (P<0.001). Diabetes duration, self-management, diabetes knowledge, HbA1c, depression, diabetes complications and socio-economic status significantly predicted the quality of life variance in patients with type II diabetes (P<0.001). The duration of diabetes had the most significant role in defining the quality of life among these patients. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that diabetes duration, self-management, diabetes knowledge, Glycated hemoglobin, depression, diabetes complications and socio-economic status are important in quality of life for patients with type II diabetes.

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Background & aim: learning style(s) is one of the factors effective learning. Information about students learning styles can aid the presentation of teaching appropriate to their individual style. The purpose of this study was to determine the learning styles of Yasuj nursing and midwifery students based on the VARK model in 2013. Methods: The present research was a descriptive- analytical study which was conducted on 140 students from nursing and midwifery faculty of Yasuj university of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2013. Sampling was done using census method, and data were collected using demographic information questionnaire followed by questionnaire of learning styles. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18, and descriptive- inferential statistics. Results: The mean age of the students was 20.68±1.34. Of the total of 140 students, 98 (70%) just selected only one type of the learning styles, whereas, 42 students preferred combination of different styles. Reading-writing style was the prevailing style among single learning style which selected by 43 students but the most frequent style among multi style was double style which was selected only by 15% of the participants. Conclusion: Most of the students had an individual learning style. Identifying the dominant learning style(s) of the students and adjusting them to the teaching methods of lecturers and also developing lesson plans based on learning styles could improve educational objectives.

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Background & aim: In vitro maturation of oocytes is a promising technique for reducing the costs and complications of ovarian stimulation by gonadotropins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combination of insulin-like growth factor-1 and antioxidant cysteamine and &beta-Mercaptoethanol on maturation and fertilization of immature oocytes.

Methods: in this experimental study, following 48 hrs injection of 7.5 IU PMSG to immature female mice, the germinal vesicle oocytes from ovaries were removed and transferred to TCM199 culture medium containing 50 ng /ml insulin-like growth factor-1 and 100 &mumol Cysteamine and &beta -Mercaptoethanol. After 24 hrs of culture, the oocytes of MII in IVF were fertilized and embryonic development to the two cells was studied under an inverted microscope. Data analysis was performed by using ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey test.

Results: The results showed that the rate of maturation, fertilization and 2-cell embryo formation in GV oocytes with cumulus cells in TCM199 medium containing insulin-like growth factor-1, Cysteamine and BME were 92.10, 93.30, 80.60% and in the GV oocytes without Cumulus cells were cultured in the same medium were 65.80, 64.00, 58.60% respectively which were statistically significant (P <0.001).

Conclusion: In the present study, the simultaneous combination of insulin-like growth factor-1, &beta-Mercaptoethanol and CYS increased maturation, fertilization and developmental rate to 2-cells stage with cumulus cells more than the oocyte without cumulus cells to a greater extent. This represented the need of adding supplemental growth factors and antioxidants to the medium and is associated with cumulus cells.

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Abstract
 
Background & aim: Blastocystis sp. is an anaerobic parasite which lives in the digestive system and can be a zoonotic parasite in different hosts. This study was carried out to identify subtypes and to investigate the genetic variation of Blastocystis sp. from human samples in Urmia, Tabriz & Maragheh cities Northwest of Iran.
 
Methods: In the present descriptive-cross sectional study, 300 human stools from January to October 2017 were randomly selected from treatment centers in North West of Iran. Based on microscopic observation, positive samples examined by DNA barcoding methods for detection of Blastocystis sp. subtypes and their sequences were analyzed. 
 
Results: of the 300 samples, 22 specimens diagnosed as Blastocystis sp. with the microscopic method. Sixteen apart isolates from the positive cases obtained by the molecular method (PCR) and the sequences of the products were examined. Three types of subtypes including ST1, ST2 and ST3 obtained from these samples. One of the samples after two different sequencings, was reported as both of the ST1 and ST3 subspecies, but re-sequencing of the dominant show ST3.
 
Conclusion: There are various subtypes of this parasite in this area. Due to the nature of the subtypes, the zoonotic cycle of this parasite exists in this region. By identifying and determining the Blastocysts subspecies in different hosts as a zoonotic organism, it is possible to detect genetic migration and parasite transmission. It seems that the parasite subtype pattern can be considered in future studies in relation to clinical manifestations.
  

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Abstract

Background & aim: Kynurenine pathway (KP) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD) and several autoimmune diseases such as Multiple sclerosis (MS), brain neurons are initially involved and gradually destroyed. In the present review article, the role and effect of changes in the balance of KP metabolites in the exacerbation of neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed

Methods: In the present review, we conducted a comprehensive searching method in various online databases including MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar to collect all research studies that have been done in recent years to study and evaluate KP and its metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases and MS

Results:Regarding the prevalence and importance of these diseases, there is an urgent need to develop new and more effective therapeutic strategies to fight these destructive diseases. One of the molecular pathways involved in all these diseases is the KP, which the effects of its metabolites are observed in many diseases, including neurodegeneration process. In all of these diseases, an imbalance in the levels of tryptophan and its metabolites has been observed. Animal studies have shown that if the levels of neurotoxic and neuroprotective metabolites of the pathway return to the normal range, the symptoms of the disease will decrease or the disease process will be slowed down. While disturbing this balance leads to disease progression and worsening of symptoms.

 

Conclusion: The KP is an important determinant of immune responses and tolerance in T cells. In such conditions, it seems that by increasing the degradation of tryptophan and the production and accumulation of a large number of downstream neurotoxic metabolites, disruption of protein synthesis and suppression of the production and proliferation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) occurs, which leads to the development of neurodegeneration process

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Background & aim: Covid-19 is a new virus that the human immune system is not immune to. In addition to physical problems, the virus also has negative psychological consequences. The aim of the present study was to compare resilience, happiness and lifestyle in patients with covid-19 and healthy individuals.
 
Methods: This descriptive-analytical case study was conducted in 2020. The statistical population of the study was all patients with coronavirus hospitalized and healthy patients in Al-Ghadir Hospital in Tabriz in April 2020. Thirty patients with Covid-19 were hospitalized and 30 healthy individuals were selected from the hospital with accessibility and Connor and Davidson resilience, Oxford happiness and Miller and Smith lifestyle questionnaires were administered among them. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and Levin test.
 
Results: The mean and standard deviation of reproductive scores in patients with Covid -19 was 71/90 ±22/35 and in healthy people was 96/70 ±17/20; The mean and standard deviation of happiness scores in patients with Covid -19 was 21/40±3/81 and in healthy people 23/33±2/80 and the mean and standard deviation of lifestyle scores in patients with Covid -19 equal to 68/53 ± 9/78 and in healthy people was 73/43±9/36. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the scores of resilience, happiness and lifestyle were lower among people with Quaid-19 than healthy people (P <0.05).
 
Conclusion: Given the increasing prevalence of coronary heart disease, it is better for the country's authorities to take psychological measures to increase resilience, happiness and a healthy lifestyle in patients with Covid-19 who have been exposed to mental and emotional disorde
 

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Background & aim: Diabetes is as a chronic disorder, which produce lots of limitation in patients' activities and psychological quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on Lazarus's multimodal approach to psychological weakness and thoughts fusion among diabetic patients with wounds.
 
Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental (pre-test, post-test) with a control and experimental group. The statistical population of study consisted of 50 diabetic patients with wounds in Tabriz Sina Hospital, 24 patients with Purposive sampling selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (each group was 12). The experimental group participated in group sessions for 8 sessions of 120 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Subjects in both experimental and control groups were assessed with the Minnesota Multiplier Questionnaire (MMPI) Questionnaire (Pt sub-scale) and Thought Fusion Inventory (TFI) before and after treatment. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (such as mean and standard deviation), ANCOVA and MANCOVA.
 
Results: Results indicated that there were significant differences in post-test mean scores of experimental and control groups and cognitive behavior therapy could significantly reduce psychological weakness (F=41/138, p=0.01) and increase thought fusion (F=9/306, P<0.007).
Conclusion: Cognitive behavioral therapy with changing maladaptive thought and helping to accept disease, resulted in behavior change in diabetic patients.

 

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Background & aim: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine that cannot be treated, but its symptoms can be controlled. In traditional medicine, for the basic treatment of colitis, it is necessary to first prevent this abnormal substance from leaking into the intestines. Pumpkin, scientifically known as Cucurbita moschata from the Cucurbitaceae family, has wound healing as well as anti-inflammatory properties. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to determine and evaluate the protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract prepared from the skin of the pumpkin plant in an animal model of ulcerative colitis.
 
Methods: In the present experimental study conducted in 2020, for extraction from the skin of the squash fruit, 150 g of the dried and crushed skin of the fruit was transferred to a glass percolator and using a solvent of water and ethanol in a ratio of 70 30: Extracted in three stages. 36 field rats were prepared and randomly divided into 6 groups (6 mice in each group). In order to induce colitis, 4% acetic acid was used to evaluate the effects of the extract obtained from pumpkin skin, this extract was administered by gavage in 3 doses for 6 days to mice. Finally, the studied mice were examined for macroscopic changes and histological studies. The collected data were analyzed using ANOVA statistical tests.
 
Results: In macroscopic examinations of the colon among different groups, in the healthy group the colon mucosa was completely normal. In the negative control group, side effects such as; Wounds, adhesions, thickening of the intestinal wall and severe inflammation were observed. In the groups receiving the extract in 3 doses, reduction of inflammation and wound healing was observed in mice with colitis, which showed the best results at a dose of 200 mg / kg. In the treatment of squash extract extract in a dose-dependent manner, it showed significant effects in inducing healing in acetic acid-induced colitis in mice (p<0.05).
 
Conclusion: Since the complications of colitis induction in the groups receiving pumpkin skin extract were significantly reduced compared to the control group, especially at a dose of 200 mg / kg, the results of this study can be groundbreaking. Clinical trial studies should be used in relation to ulcerative colitis and as a complementary drug to other treatments.