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ABSTRACT Introduction & Objective: One of the main approaches for control of infections and preventing of nosocomial infection is by using antiseptics and disinfectants. There are reports regarding transmission of infection through those endoscopes which have not been properly disinfected. This study aimed to find out the effect of glutaraldehyde on those bacteria which might be transmitted by endoscope. Materials & Methods: Samples were taken from the disinfectant in 14 days. The first days of sampling was considered as the activation day of the glutaraldehyde solution. Sampling was done on the cleaning machine every day after the end of each run for 14 days. The disinfectant have been circulated a total of 121 times in the washing machine which the endoscopes. Glutaraldehyde solution was tested for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, E.coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Salmonella typhi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in every day. Results: Results of this study show that after 20 min, the disinfectant had a proper complete effect on killing of the gram positive and negative bacteria. Effect of this disinfectant on Mycobacterium tuberculosis was somewhat different. At first we did not have any growth relating to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis but using the disinfectant 6 days its activation, the colonies started to grow in the culture media. We planned to study the number of times, which the disinfectant had cycled in the endoscopes washing machines. The results showed that after 74 times the disinfectant had lost its ability to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (even before 14 days). Conclusion: Glutaraldehyde loses its effectiveness on killing of M. tuberculosis if used in several cycles in endoscope’s washing mashines.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Hyperinsulinemia is related to obesity, diabetes and hypertension, but its relation to coronary artery disease, as an independent risk factor, is questionable. This study was conducted to compare the insulin level in patients with acute coronary and non coronary diseases. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which two groups of hospitalized patients in emergency department, 32 patients in each group (acute coronary and non coronary disease) were evaluated for fasting insulin level. Diabetes or a family history of it, previous history of coronary artery disease or family history of it, pancreatic origin of abdominal pain, hypertension, overweight or obesity, or using steroids were exclusion criteria for this study. Collected data were analyzed using Mann-Withney test. Results: There was not any statistical difference in age and sex of both groups. No significant difference was noted in insulin level of coronary and non coronary patients in this study. Conclusion: Having these results, we can not include hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for CVD.

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Introduction & Objective: The decrease of peroxidantion of lipoproteins as a key event in the development of atherosclerosis by increasing plasma antioxidant capacity might be an effective approach in preventing such diseases. It has been shown that some amino acids and polyamines have antioxidant activity. In this study antioxidant and antiatherogenic effects of valine in hypercholesterolemic rabbits have been investigated. Materials & Methods: fifteen male white rabbits were divided into three groups including: normal control, hypercholesterolemic control and hypercholesterolemic treated with L-valine. Animals were fed with special diets for five weeks and then plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), conjugated diens (CDs), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant capacity (AC) were measured. Coronary arteries were obtained in order to measure fatty streaks formation by histological studies. Results: No significant difference was observed in plasma TC, LDL-C and CDs levels between valine treated and hypercholesterolemic control groups. However the levels of TG, HDL-C and MDA in valine-treated group showed a significant differences in comparison with hypercholesterolemic control group (p<0.05). Comparison of serum antioxidant capacity in valine treated group showed significant increase comparing to hypercholesterolemic control group. The mean size of produced fatty streaks also showed significant reduction in valine-treated group in comparison with hypercholesterolemic control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that valine can prevent the formation of fatty streaks in hypercholesterolemic rabbits by increasing of serum antioxidant capacity and decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation.

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Abstract Background and aim: Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as set of symptoms developed afterward an individual witness, hear or involved. The current research was purposed to compare the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy with prolonged exposure therapy on the trauma impact symptoms in veterans suffering from chronic PTSD. Methods: in this clinical trail research randomly sampled 48 veterans diagnosed with PTSD who had psychiatric records in Salman City Hospital of Yasuj. The subjects devoted in three equal groups: two experimental and one control groups. As intervention procedures the two experimental groups were exposed to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (5 sessions) and prolonged exposure therapy (10 sessions) respectively. The control group received none. Subsequent to the treatment period the triple groups were post-tested by the prior pre test scales. The data were analyzed by implementing univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: Both treatment procedures significantly reduced the trauma impact symptoms (p ≤0/001).The results also indicated that prolonged exposure therapy was more effective concerning the trauma impact symptoms improvement. Conclusion: Intervention treatment procedures such as eye movement desensitization, reprocessing therapy, and prolonged exposure therapy sustain sufficient efficacy in trauma impact symptoms improvement while prolonged exposure therapy exceeded significantly. Key words: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Eye Movement, Desensitization, Reprocessing, Prolonged Exposure Therapy

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Abstract:
Background & aim: The main aim of the present research is to review and compare the effect of 8 weeks concurrent trainings and consumption of green coffee supplement on the serum level of Adipsin and Insulin Resistance Index and BMI in obese women.
 
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 48 obese women with average age 12.31±8.8, weight 41/9±84 kg and BMI 51.32±49.2 kg/m2 were selected purposefully and divided randomly into four groups of concurrent Trainings (n=12), consumption of Green Coffee Supplement (n=12), concurrent Trainings- Green Coffee Supplement (n=12) and control group (n=12).The concurrent Trainings conducted including 8 weeks aerobic and resistance trainings, three sessions in a weak, each session 70 minutes. Green Coffee Supplement group consumed one 400 mg capsule in a day for 8 weeks. Fasting blood sample were taken from the subjects 24 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last exercise session to measure serum levels of Adipsin,Glucose and Insulin. Insulin resistance was evaluated based on the evaluation of HOMA-IR model of homeostasis. To compare intra-group changes the dependent t-test was used and the inter-group variations of one-way ANOVA and LSD was used to determine which groups were significantly different.
 
Results The results of one-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference between the data of Adipsin, insulin, insulin resistance and body mass index in concurrent training groups, green coffee supplementation, concurrent exercise and supplementation of green coffee and control group (p<0.005). no significant difference was seen between mean glucose in concurrent training groups, green coffee supplementation, concurrent exercise and green coffee supplementation(P> 0.05). But there is a significant difference between the three groups with the control group. The results of LSD test showed that the mean of adipsin decreased in all three groups after 8 weeks, and the mean of insulin decreased in the training group and increased in other groups. Insulin resistance decreased, but decreased in the combined exercise group. The mean of BMI in the training and supplementation groups was the lowest and in the supplement group was the highest.
 
Conclusions: Overall, the findings of the present study demonstrated that exercise activity and green coffee by effecting on the adipokine secretion lead to decrease in the adipsin level, reduced insulin resistance and decreased weight. Therefore, obese women can use these  exercises and complementary green coffee to lose weight.
 
 

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Background & aim: Due to the toxic effects of lead at low levels which causes several disorders, such as weakness, impaired ability and behavioral thinking and children's learning, loss of hearing and vision, damage to cerebellum gray cells and brain hippocampus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective role of wheat germ in controlling oxidative stress and tissue damage of lead-exposed brain hippocampus.
 
Methods: In the present experimental study, 30 female Wistar rats (240 ± 20 g) were divided into 6 groups: control (without treatment), treat with 10 mg lead, wheat germ extract with 100 and 200 mg, synchronous lead and wheat germ extracted at doses of 100 and 200 mg. On the 36th day, the mice were killed and their brain were dissected. After the stabilization of the samples, the dewatering, clarifying, and molding processes took place. The molds were cut in a thickness of 5-7 micrometers and stained with H & E. The collected data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test.
 
Results: A significant differences was observed in the treatment group regarding the number of pyramidal cells in CA1, the number of granulary granulomatous cells in the teeth and the thickness of the vaginal layers of the teeth compared to the control group.On the other hand, at concentration of 20 mg lead group, the 20 mg lead group with 100 mg of wheat germ, the number of pyramidal cells in CA1 and the number of cells and the thickness of the granular ventricular layer of the teeth were significantly different compared to the other groups.  No significant difference was observed in the thickness of the teething tubes, the number of pyramidal cells in CA1 and granular layer cells, and the weight of the mice in all groups at dose of 20 mg lead and gram wheat germ wheat extract 100 and 200 mg compared to the control howerer, the weight of the brain in all groups was significantly higher than the control group.
 
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, the use of wheat germ extracts due to the oxidative anti stress effect could be effective in improving the lesions induced by lead on the rat's hippocampus. Wheat germ extract had the ability to compensate for lead-induced lesions in the hippocampus, which depends on the dose administered.
 
 

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Background & aim: Mental workload and job stress are important factors which can threaten the health and compatibility of employees in every organization and cause problems and work accidents. The aimed of this studding was effect of mental workload on job stress in healthcare workers.
 
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 158 healthcare workers from different sectors including hospital and urban/rural health centers and rural health centers in 2017. The data collection tools were NASA mental Task Load Index and HSE job stress questionnaires. Data analysis conducted via descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficient, KrusKal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests.
 
Results: The Mean and standard deviation of Mental workload and job stress was 70.04(15.22) and 3.35(0.46), respectively. There was no significant relationship between mental workload and job stress score (r=0.131, P=0.080) There was a significant relationship between the elements of demand and connection (p<0.05). Furthermore, the workload and job stress level were not significantly different in employees of different sectors (P>0.05).
 
Conclusion: Regarding to the results of e study, implementation of some interventions in order to reduce mental workload and stress such as increasing the number of employees, proper dividing of tasks, and use some solutions like job enrichment in different parts of healthcare system in recommended.
 
 

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Background & aim: Performance Indicators consist of standards, evaluation tools and identifications to check current situations in organizations.  Hospitals as the center of gravity to provide   health and therapy care are of no exception. The present study aimed to determe the performance indicators in selected hospitals of Tehran province.
 
Methods: The present inquiry was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of all public hospitals was covered by Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti. 14 educational and 9 non-educational cases were examined. Data collection tools were data entry forms for hospital performance indicators, which included general information on the studied hospitals and performance indicators, bed occupancy rate, average patient stay, and bed turnover rate. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.
 
Results: The average patient stay was 5.89 days, which was only 7.15 percent desirable by standards. The bed occupancy rate was 76.35 and the bed turnover was 45.97 times a year. The status of these two indicators was optimal based on the standards available in 92.85% of the cases. Also, based on the results of the present study, the mean average patient stay was 2.91 days, which was desirable in 77.77% of the cases according to the standards. The bed occupancy rate was 62.70 and only 11.11% of the cases were favorable. The bed turnover was set at 65.44 times a year. In relation to this index, in 100% of cases, the situation was favorable.
 
Conclusion: The non-educational hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were in a better position regarding the length of the patient's stay than the indicators of the Ministry of Health and even compared to the hospitals of other provinces. In relation to educational hospitals, due to the fact that according to the Ministry of Health, the optimal condition of the average patient stay is less than 3.5 days and more than 4 days is a sign of weakness and inefficiency of the hospital, the studied hospitals with an average of 5.69 days. They differ significantly from the standard. In the other two indicators, both educational and non-educational hospitals were in good condition.
 
 
 

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Background & aim: Concurrent stunting with overweight" is one of the consequences of nutritional transition, which has worsened the outcomes more than overweight itself. The aim of this study was to determine the trend of anthropometric indices in primary to high school students in Eslam Abad-e Gharb city, Iran.
 
Methods: The present analytical-comparative study was conducted in 2017 in the city of Islamabad-e-Gharb, and students from 16 high schools were randomly selected and surveyed by cluster sampling. High school metrics were measured in the same year. Elementary school information was collected through school student files. In this study, "short stature at the same time with overweight" was defined as "z-score equal to + 1 and above BMI for age and z-score equal to 1- and less" height for age "based on simultaneous placement. Collected data was analyzed using Fisher and Chi-square statistical tests.
 
Results: In the present study, out of 731 people, 350(47.9%) were girls and 381 (52.1%) were boys. The prevalence of short stature at the same time with overweight in primary school was 0.55%(4 people) and in high school was 3.83% (28 people), which was significant from primary school to high school among all students studied (p=0.001). In short, the index was not significant in girls (p=0.001), but not significant in boys (p = 0.506).
 
Conclusion: The prevalence of short stature has been on the rise with overweight students (especially girls) from elementary school to high school.
 
 
 

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Background & aim: Due to the presence of high amounts of compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic properties in Foeniculum vulgare mill seed essential oil, the aim of the present study was to determine and investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of fennel seed essential oil on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and A2780 ovarian cancer cell line.
 
Methods: The present experimental study was conducted in 2018. First, Foeniculum vulgare mill seed essential oil was extracted by distillation in water and using a Clevenger. At that point, MCF-7 and A2780 cancer cells were cultured and propagated, and the cytotoxicity of the essential oil in concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 100, 125, 250 and 500 μg / ml for 24 and 48 hours based on colorimetric test (MTT). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the essential oil at concentrations of 1, 0.7, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.08 mg/ml was investigated using the free radical scavenging test (DPPH). Collected data were analyzed using the statistical test of two-way analysis of variance and using Graph Pad Prism statistical software.
 
Results: The results of the present study indicated that Foeniculum vulgare mill seed essential oil significantly reduced the growth of MCF-7 and A2780 cancer cells compared to the control group in many concentrations used (especially high concentrations) within 24 and 48 hours. The toxicity of the essential oil was higher for MCF-7 cell line in all concentrations except 10 μg / ml within 24 hours, and in 48 hours, the essential oil was more toxic for MCF-7 cell line in all concentrations. The IC50 of the essential oil during 24 and 48 hours for MCF-7 was 94.3 and 61.7 μg/ml, respectively, while the essential oil had no IC50 for the A2780 cell line. It was as well found that fennel seed essential oil had antioxidant activity in all concentrations used in a concentration-dependent manner.
 
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that Foeniculum vulgare essential oil in different concentrations can have significant anti-proliferative effects on MCF-7 breast cancer and A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines.
 
 

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Background & aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with unknown cause and complex pathogenesis, characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination and loss of neurons. This disease usually manifests as movement disorders, vision disorders, or sensory problems. The etiology of MS is not precisely known, although environmental factors such as nutrition, physical inactivity, smoking and low vitamin D concentration play a role in this case. Researches show that patients with MS are at risk of malnutrition and reduced intake of micronutrients due to inactivity, anorexia, depression and side effects of drugs. Many studies have investigated the effects of nutrients and dietary patterns in patients with MS, however, the role of diet and nutrients in the progression of the disease is not well known. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the role of some nutritional supplements in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Methods: In the present narrative review article, reliable Persian and English databases including Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Magiran were searched and articles that studied the effect of nutritional supplements in the treatment of multiple sclerosis were reviewed.

Results: The results of the present review study indicated that some nutrients such as vitamin D, vitamin A, biotin, as well as omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics may improve disability, reduce disease progression, reduce disease recurrence, improve fatigue and depression in patients. get MS

Conclusion: Considering that some nutrients can improve the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in MS patients, a suitable nutritional intervention or following a healthy diet may improve the severity and symptoms of MS and as a Possible complementary treatment should be considered in this disease.

 

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Background & aim: Thalassemia is the most common hereditary blood disease, and patients with thalassemia major need continuous blood transfusions to survive. Continuous blood transfusion in these patients is associated with iron. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits and iron overload in these patients.

Methods: The present descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 thalassemia patients who were dependent on blood transfusion in the thalassemia department of Bu Ali Sina Hospital in Sari in 2021. The clinical and laboratory information of the patients were collected using the medical record. At that point, the patients answered the 5-factor neo personality questionnaire, which is a 60-question questionnaire. To analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used in case of normal distribution of the main outcome, and median and IQR indices were used otherwise.

Results: The results indicated that the personality characteristic of conscientiousness was more in people with regular visits than in people with irregular visits (P=0.021). In the study of the relationship between liver iron overload and the regularity of visits, it was perceived that iron overload had a significant relationship with the regularity of visits (P=0.018), so that moderate and severe iron overload was more in people who had irregular visits. But cardiac iron overload had no significant relationship with regular visits (P=0.910). The use of chelators had a significant relationship with the characteristic of neurosis (P=0.021), so that the score of neurosis in patients who took chelators was higher than those who did not use chelators.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that there was no significant relationship between any of the personality traits with iron overload in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia, except for conscientiousness, which was more in people with regular visits than in people with irregular visits.