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ABSTRACT Introduction & Objective : Today use of drugs with few side effects such as post operative nausea and vomiting and high recovery rate is highly important. The present study seeks to investigate the simultaneous use of alfentanil and propofol in comparison with the common use of morphine sodium thiopental in reducing the rate of nausea and vomiting after appendectomy and during recovery. Materials & Methods: This study was carried out in a setting of double blinded randomized clinical trial from 1378 to 1381. Forty two patients, candidated for emergency appendectomy in class ASA I, under general anesthesia, were chosen and randomly divided into two groups. The first group patients were injected alfentanil (10µg/kg) and propofol (2mg/kg then100 µg/kg/min) and the other group received Morphine (0.1 mg/kg) and Sodium Thiopental (5mg/kg) intravenously for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Then post operative nausea, vomiting and recovery time were recorded. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were also measured before and after 5 minutes following induction of anesthesia and in recovery room. Results: 9.5 percent of morphine-thiopental group and all the patients in alfentanil-aropofol group had post operative nausea and vomiting (p>0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 5 minutes after induction and pulse rate after 5 minutes after induction in morphine-thiopental group was greater than that in alfentanil group. Conclusion: The combination of propofol and alfentanil required less recovery time and homodynamic change after induction of general anesthesia and turned out to be useful for short term operations

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Life expectancy at birth and longevity are Important indices and represent social, economical, cultural and hyginic status of every society. This index can be used in evaluating any planning. WHO uses this index along with indexes of annual income, per capita income and literacy rate of women to estimate human development Index wich is one of the most important indices in estimation of todays communities. Estimation of the above index in Kohgiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad province and comparing it with nearby provinces or countries could show feuture horizon of this province compared to other regions. These data are essential for evaluating the implemented programs, knowing the position of province and future planning. Material and Methods : Having the population size and the dead number in different age groups in each year, life expectancy was estimated. Collected and registerd data with an acceptable precision for rural regions were used for estimation of life expectancy in Kohgiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad province and it’s townships. Results: Life expectancy for men in rural area of the province was 70.8 years and the highest rate belonged to Kohgiloye and Boyer Ahmad townships, with 72.4 years and the lowest rate belonged to Gachsaran with 69.2 years. Also life expectancy of women in the rural areas of the province was estimated to be 73.8 years and the highest rate belonged to Gachsaran with 75.5 years and the lowest rate belonged to BoyerAhmad township with 72.9 years. Coclusion: Comparing the results of this study with previous estimates of the region and latest estimates of the life expantacy in the country, a slight increase in life expectancy of the province was noted. This decrease has been more in female than male. Also diference in life expectancy in urban and rural areas is about seven years which calls for immediate attention to the rural regions of the province.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Caesarian section is the most common operation in gynecology field. Selection of anesthetic drugs for this operation needs so many considerations. Anesthetic drugs for this operation must prevent sever hemodynamic changes to tracheal intubation in mother and without side effects on neonate. This study was conducted to determine the effect of alfentanil given before induction of anesthesia on cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation in mother and Apgar score of neonate in Yasuj Emam Sajad hospital. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial 60 patients who were candidates for elective c/s delivery under general anesthesia , in ASA 1, without fetal distress, after taking knowledgably satisfaction for participant in study were allocated to 2 groups randomly. In both groups anesthesia induced by sodium thiopental, scholin and atracorium but in trial group alfentanil 5 µg/kg was given intravenously one minute before induction of anesthesia. Results: Attenuated systolic blood pressure right after tracheal intubation and 5 minutes after tracheal intubation when compared with control group. Also in study group pulse rate of mothers had a smaller increase in comparison with control group. In this study systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased 10 minutes after tracheal intubation but this decrease was less in comparison with control group. Apgar score of neonate in study group had not a meaningful difference in comparison with control group. Conclusion: According to this study mothers who received alfentanil before induction of anesthesia had less increase in their systolic blood pressure and heart rates after tracheal intubation but systolic and diastolic blood pressure had decreased more in control group in comparison to trial group ten minutes after tracheal intubation. This phenomenon is due to more narcotic administration after delivery of neonate in control group.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Thyroid nodules are very common and of course the most important point to approach thyroid nodules is to find out whether the nodule is benign or malignant. Biopsy is the most definite way to differentiate malignant nodules from benign ones and this is,at least, equal with a labectomy. FNA is a method which was first introduced in 1930 and led to a decrease in the number of thyroidectomy. Nowadays this is the best way to approach the thyroid nodules . Materials & Methods: This study was performed on 100 cases of thyroidectomy to find out the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of FNA in diagnosis of malignant thyroid nodules. Candidates for thyroidectomy who referred to Mofateh clinic in Yasuj were evaluated by FNA and also open biopsy. Results: FNA results showed 78% ± 15% sensitivity, 91% ± 13% specificity، and 89% ± 13% accuracy. Positive predictive value of FNA was 75%±35% and negative predictive value was found to be 93% ±20%. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, FNA can be used instead of biopsy in approach to thyroid nodules and this will help to prevent unnecessary operations and high dose of radiation to neck.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease of human with prevalence of 1 to 4 percent. Peripheral neuropathy is one of the chronic complications of diabetes and its prevalence is not properly known, but worldwide is from 5 to 66 percent. The prevalence of this complication is not known in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in definite cases of diabetes type 2 and related factors in Dena town-ship in fall 2004. Materials & Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study that 40 definite cases of type 2 diabetes )28 females and 12 males( whose duration of disease were between 5 to 25 years were selected randomly. After informing and taking history and physical examination of the subjects, the nerve conduction study and electromyography were performed for them. Then the data were analyzed by SPSS software and X2 and Fischer exact tests. Results: Results of this study showed that prevalence of diabetes in urban and rural areas of Dena township were 1 and 0.8 percent respectively. Prevalence of neuropathy was 52.5% which comprised of 17.5% peripheral neuropathy, 22.5% carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and 12.5% combined form. The distal symmetrical sensorimotor peripheral polyneuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome were the most common peripheral neuropathy and entrapment mononeuropathy, respectively. In this study, there were no significant statistical correlation between peripheral neuropathy and sex, age, duration of diabetes, fasting blood sugar, underlying disease, retinopathy and nephropathy, but significant correlation was found between mononeuropaty (CTS) and fasting blood sugar. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus causes high prevalence of neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy & mononeuropathy) which is not related to duration of diabetes, retinopathy, nephropathy, age and underlying disease. We concluded that early diagnosis of disease could be done by educating of people and this can lead to a decrease in complications of diabetes.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: It has been noted that the myocardial infarction is an increasing episode in Islamic Republic of Iran and there are many procedures and methods which can help to reduce the number of death from this ongoing event. The aim of this study was to determine the survival rate in those patients who have had acute myocardial infarction and its association with different variables. Materials & Methods: This descriptive analytic study evaluates 111 cases of acute myocardial infarction admitted in Yasuj Imam Sajjad hospital during the year 2004 and 2005. Data were collected using a questionnaire which was completed through direct interviewing by trained personnel. The data were analyzed by standard statistical tests using SPSS software. Results: The mean age of patients was 57± 12 years. The mean time of having access to physician after MI was 4 ± 2.2 hours. The mean time of reaching hospital after physician order was 5 ± 4.9 hours. The mean time of hospitalization was 4 ± 1.67 days. Considering the past history of these patients revealed that 31 percent were smokers, 16 percent had the history of previous ischemic heart disease, 63 percent had hypertension, 8 percent had diabetes mellitus, 95 percent had clip I, 95 percent had no previous block, 82 percent had MI with Q wave. The survival rate in our study was found to be 0.91 in the first 10 hours, 0.847 in the first day, 0.829 in the first 28 days, 0.820 in the first third months, 0.792 in the first six months and 0.771 in the first 10 months of disease. Conclusion: The mortality rate during the first month among the patients with heart failure turned out to be higher than that of the other similar studies performed in other parts of the country however, the annual survival rate proved to be less. The most important causes of survival after the stroke are being single, smoking, fatness and angina pain

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Introduction & Objective: Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoa parasites of the genus Leishmania and is endemic in some areas of Iran. Echinacea purpurea is a native plant from North America which is one of the most important medical herbs known with immuno-stimulant properties. This study was performed to determine the effect of alcoholic extract of Echinacea purpurea on prophylaxis and treatment of Leishmania cutaneous lesions. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study which was conducted at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2009, eighteen mice were divided into 3 groups. Group one received Echinacea purpurea extract (200 mg/ml) in their water, for 2 weeks before parasite injection, while group two were first injected with parasite amastigotes, followed by administration of Echinacea purpurea extract for 2 weeks. Group three was the control group, which received parasites, but not the extract. The size of Leishmania lesions in the tail base, right and left foot were measured with vernier caliper. The lesion areas were calculated and the collected data were analyzed with SPSS software. Results: The mean of lesion size in each group of mice were compared and analyzed. No significant differences in the lesions size were found between the three mice groups. Therefore, Echinacea purpurea extract was not effective against Leishmania major based on the findings of this study. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Echinacea extract is not effective in treatment or prophylaxis of leishmaniasis in mice. Yet, further studies are needed to determine the effects of other extracts of this plant.

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Abstract Background & aim: Consumption of methamphetamine compounds, especially with heavy usage, is associated with memory impairment and depression in the elevated spaces. The aim of this study was to alleviate the effect of crystal meth on Anxiety-related behaviors in male rat. Methods: In the present study, twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups: treated with saline, with crystal meth dosages of 5, 10 and 15 mg/ kg respectively. Crystal meth injection duration was seven days. Factors associated with anxiety in the elevated plus maze model were evaluated at the first, fourth and seventh day. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: The injections of crystal meth in three days lead to the decrease of chronic and acute anxiety. Crystal Meth in two doses of 10 and 15 mg kg per day increased the percentage of time spent in the open arm (p <05). In days 4 and 7, the percentage of time spent in open arms and percentage of open arm and entry percentages of the group receiving crystal meth in comparison to saline group showed a significant increase p<0.05). Conclusion: The results suggested that crystal meth possess capability to activating neural mechanisms in the control of anxiety. In fact, crystal meth in a dose- dependent usage can increase the probability of high risk behavior in users by anxiety reduction. Key words: Anxiety, Crystal Meth, Elevated Maze

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Introduction & aim: valerian root extraction is used in the treatment of sleep disorders, stress, depression, anxiety, muscle stiffness and tension. Astrocytes have role of nutrition, protection and support of the neurons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Valeriana extract on nucleus raphe magnus in the number and size of rat astrocytes. Methods: In the present experimental study, forty male Wistar rats weighing170-250g were randomly divided into four groups, including control and three experimental groups. The control group received distilled water and three experimental groups received 300, 400 and 600mg valerian root extract daily respectively for two weeks by gavage. Phsophotangestic acid staining was used to examine astrocytes. The size and number of astrocytes were calculated with LS.starter software. Data were analyzed, using SPSS software for statistical analysis and ANOVA and LSD tests. Results: The mean number of astrocytes in the experimental groups of three and four with the control group and experimental two showed a significant increase (P <0.05). Compare mean of great length of astrocytes in experimental groups of two, three and four with the control group showed a significant decrease and between the experimental group two and experimental groups of three and four a statistically significant differences were observed (P <0.05). Conclusion: Oral administration of hydro alcoholic extract of valerian increases astrocytes number and decreases their size in nucleus of raphe Magna, which indicated the effect of this extraction on proliferation of astrocytes increasing.

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Background & aim: The analgesic effects of Clove plant is due to the presence of phenolic substances. Since no study has yet evaluated the analgesic effect of this plant extract during lactation, hencethe present study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of clove oil orally on offspringmalemiceduringlactation. 

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زمینه و هدف: اضطراب با شیوع متفاوتی در زنان و مردان گزارش شده است. این مسئله بیانگر تأثیر هورمون‌ جنسی بر اضطراب می‌باشد. از طرفی در بروز اضطراب، استرس اکسیداتیو نیز بی‌تأثیر نیست. از آنجایی که گزارش‌های متناقضی در مورد اثر پروژسترون بر اضطراب وجود دارد، لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثرات اضطراب زایی یا اضطراب زدایی دوزهای مختلف پروژسترون در حضور یا عدم حضور ویتامین  ث بود.

روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی از 63 سر رت نر در 9 گروه: سالین، 1 میلی‌لیتر بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن)حلال ویتامین ث)، شاهد، 1 میلی‌لیتر بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن (روغن کنجد حلال پروژسترون)، 3 گروه پروژسترون با دوزهای (30 ،10 ،5 میلی‌گرم/کیلو گرم)، گروه ویتامین ث (80 میلی‌گرم/کیلو گرم)، 3 گروه پروژسترون با دوز مختلف همراه با ویتامین ث استفاده شد. زمان تزریق 5 روز بود. متغیرهای اضطراب در مدل رفتاری ماز مرتفع به علاوه شکل در روزهای اول و پنجم بررسی شد. داده­ها با آزمون آماری آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه تجزیه و تحلیل شد.

یافته‌ها: پروژسترون در دوز 5 میلی‌گرم باعث ایجاد اضطراب شد(05/0>p). در حالی که در دو دوز (30 و10 میلی‌گرم) خاصیت ضد اضطرابی نشان داد(05/0p<). ویتامین ث به تنهایی و همراه با 3 دوز پروژسترون سبب کاهش اضطراب گردید(05/0p<).

نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد پروژسترون در دوز پایین اضطراب زا و در دوزهای بالا ضد اضطراب است. ویتامین ث به عنوان یک آنتی‌اکسیدان سبب بهبود اثرات ضد اضطرابی پروژسترون به ویژه در دوزهای بالا می‌شود.

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Background & aim: Medicinal herbs with natural materials can be effective and have fewer side effects than drugs with chemical composition in reducing withdrawal symptoms and are more effective in treating addiction. In recent years, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects of Dill has been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Dill ethanol extract on some withdrawal syndrome behaviors such as jumping, standing, climbing in male mice addicted to morphine.

Methods: The present experimental study was conducted on 21 male NMRI mice with weighting 25 to 30 gr. Animals were divided into three groups: Group 1 received saline + naloxone (SN),  group 2 received morphine + saline + naloxone (MSN) and the third group received   morphine + ethanol extract of dill (500 mg kg ip) + naloxone (MDN) respectively. Simultaneous with the injection of morphine, the dill extract was injected at the same time. In order to induce the development of morphine dependence, the mice received increasing doses of morphine (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg) during four days for ten times, respectively. To induce the withdrawal symptom, two hours after the last injection of morphine, naloxone at a dose of 5 mg kg was injected intraperitoneally. Two hours after the last injection of morphine, naloxone at a dose of 5 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. Jumping, standing on both feet and climbing the walls were counted during 30 minutes. The data were analyzed using the software Graph Pad prism.

Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of plant significantly reduces the number of jumping due to naloxone injection in the addicted rats (p <0.001), but in the rearing behaviors and climb the walls of the container, a significant difference was observed with morphine.

Conclusions: The findings suggested that the Dill Ethanolic extract can decrease the jumping number due to Naloxone-induced effect.  Therefore, Dill Ethanolic extract may have an impact in reducing of withdrawal induction by morphine.

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Background & Aim: Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterial genus Brucella. That is transmitted from animals to humans. The disease is considered as a major problem in many regions of the world, including Iran, which is a source of income and employment. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological data of reported cases of brucellosis in children and adolescents in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province.

Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, all children and adolescents aged 1 to 18 years old who had been diagnosed with brucellosis during the years 2009-2015 and had their information in Kohgilouyeh and Boyerahmad Province Health Center entered the study. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U.S. tests.

Results: The total number of people with brucellosis was 81, of which 40 (49.4%) were male and the rest (50.6%) were female. 67 (82.7%) of the patients were resident in the village and nomads and 14 others (17.3%) were lived in the city. The mean age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 11.30 ± 4.73 years and the most prevalent age group was 11-18 years with 61.7%. The disease was more prevalent among the students (48.1%) and in the first six months of the year (79%). The most common way of transmission of disease was consumption of suspected dairy products and simultaneous contact with the livestock (85.2%) and (81.5%) respectively. About 82.8% of the patients had diagnosis between 0 and 3 months (acute brucellosis) and 17.2% were amonge 3 months to 1 year (subacute brucellosis). The most common clinical signs of observation were muscle pain, bone pain with 74.1%, fever with 58%, low back pain with 55.6%, weakness and anorexia with 42%, weight loss of 32.1%, weakness and anemia 2.5% and depression was 1.2%. There was a significant difference between the incidence and history of vaccination of livestock (p <0.001). In wright test, 28.4% of the patients had titers, and in the case of coombs wright and 2ME test, no cases were considered 4.9% and 12.3%, respectively.

Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of the disease in children and students of rural and nomadic areas, early detection and control of the disease in this group, which is one of the active groups of the community, is necessary. In addition to vaccination of livestock, educating this community about the lack of contact with infected animals and the non-use of non-pasteurized dairy can help.

 

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Background & aim: Exercise is one of the effective factors in causing oxidative stress. Increased oxidative stress can be effective in the development of injuries and cardiovascular disease and stimulate the production of cytokines from many cells, but on the other hand to counteract these pressures, the body responds to oxidative stress by activating the antioxidant defense system and other protective systems. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of intense endurance training and intense periodicity on co-oxygenase-1 and alpha tumor necrosis factor in the heart tissue of male Wistar mice.
 
Methods: The present experimental study was conducted on 24 adult Wistar rats in 2019. After two weeks of identification and weight lifting, they were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, intense endurance training, Intense periodic exercise). The protocol of intense and intense endurance training included running on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week), standard water and food, and was freely available to the subjects. Forty-eight hours after the last training session and 4 hours of fasting, the subjects were dissected and tissue samples were collected. Subsequently, the concentration of HO-1 enzyme was measured by ELISA and TNF-α was measured by ELISA. The collected data were analyzed using Shapirovilk statistical tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test.
 
Results: There was no significant difference in TNF-α levels after 8 weeks of strenuous endurance and high intensity interval training (P˃0/05). Furthermore, 8 weeks of strenuous endurance training and high intensity interval training had no significant effect on the amount of HO-1 enzyme in heart tissue (p <0.05).
 
Conclusion: Since the levels of HO-1 and TNF-α in heart tissue did not change after 8 weeks of intense endurance training and intense intermittent training, it can be concluded that regular exercise, by creating a beneficial adaptation in the antioxidant system, they make oxidative stress more resistant.
 
 

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Background & aim: The prevailing situation in Iran’s cultural conditions and the dominance of global culture based on the constructive role of mass media throughout the world has caused an identity crisis among young people which has been considered a serious threat to identity. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine and explain the sociological identity of bricolage among young people in Yasuj, Iran, with an emphasis on the social psychology of plastic surgery.

Methods: The present descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020. The study population were young people aged 18-30 in Yasuj, Iran. It was conducted by survey method and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire from a sample of 350 people using multi-stage cluster sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient (bricolage identity 0.72) and its validity was based on the opinions of experts. The collected data were analyzed using regression and correlation coefficient statistical tests.

Results: Based on the inferential results of the present study, there was a positive and significant relationship between these variables and bricolage identity. The relationship between the use of social networks and bricolage identity was estimated at 0.59, the relationship between lifestyle and bricolage identity was estimated at 0.52, the relationship between cultural consumption and bricolage identity was estimated at 0.71, and the relationship between the acceptance of globalized culture and bricolage identity was estimated at 0.50. The estimated Pearson coefficient indicated that there was a strong and significant positive relationship between these variables and bricolage identity (P<0.05).

Conclusion: According to the findings of the present research, the cultural consumption of young people had a positive impact on bricolage identity and its various dimensions. In fact, the more cosmopolitan, cultural, and differentiated the cultural consumption of young people, the higher the level of bricolage identity they have. In the traditional world, identity originated from specific and fixed sources of meaning that were generally local in nature, but then again as a result of cultural globalization, these fixed and specific semantic sources have also lost their semantic legitimacy. The growth of virtual social networks has caused cultural elements to spread rapidly around the world and become available to different people in local spaces.