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Introduction & Objective: Pulmonary edema after chest tube insertion is a rare complication and is associated with high mortality. The cause of this phenomenon is not clear, although causes such as decrease in surfactant and inflammatory process have been defined. Early diagnosis and treatment decrease the mortality. This study introduces a case of re-expansion pulmonary edema after rapid pleural evacuation. Case: The case is a 4.5 y/o boy, a case of Tetralogy of Fallot, who developed respiratory distress after surgery (Total Correction) in ICU of Namazi Hospital in 1385. Chest X ray showed pneumothorax of left lung. For the patient, chest tube was inserted and the symptoms improved. After few hours the patient developed tachypnea, tachycardia, and CXR showed pulmonary edema of left lung. Appropriate treatment was done for the patient and his condition improved. Conclusion: Pulmonary edema after sudden evacuation of pleura is a rare phenomenon and early diagnosis decreases the mortality.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Lead is one the world wide using metals it has been used since ancient time. It is also a toxin, known to have adverse effects on the body even at low level of exposure and it induces a bread range of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral dysfunctions. Studies have been showed that this metal has harmful effects on several tissues such as: nervous system, blood tissues, and cardiovascular system, reproductive and urinary system. Because it damage human, animal and plants. Nowadays has been attended on this metal. Materials & Methods: White male rabbits of New Zealand race were used and divided into two groups. Experimental groups (N =10) 6.5 Mg/Kg of lead acetate were injected intraperitoneally every other day to each animal for 7 weeks as chronic dose and control group (N=10) were injected only with demonized water. After taking biopsy from testis tissues of each group, tissue preparation was performed for LM and EM studies as standard method. Morphologic study was carried out on electron micrographs. Data have been compared using statistically methods. Results: Morphological findings showed that testis tissue in experimental group that chronic dose has been sever changed histologically compared with control group. Seminifar tubules diameter showed significant decrease (p<0.05). Primary spermotocyte nucleus showed heterochromatin and mitochondria showed vacuelaution Conclusion: These results (based on present study findings) revealed that lead acetate could have vivid effects on testis tissue during chronic dose.

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Abstract Background & aim: Urinary stone is one of the important causes of morbidity among children. The aim of this study was to determine the effective factors of Pediatric Urolithiasis in Children under the age of 14. Methods: In this case-control study, among children under 14 years of age referring to the Shahid Beheshti Clinic of Yasuj with the diagnosis of urolithiasis confirmed twice by ultrasound, 48 children were selected as eligible cases for the questionnaire containing demographic information, the location, and size of the stone were completed. Of 48 healthy children younger than 14 years referring to the clinic for evaluation of growth and health were selected as the control group. Affecting parameters of serum and urinary stone formation in both groups were controlled. The collected data were analyzed by using statistical mean tests, chi-square and t-tests. Results: In 70.8% of the group case, children had a positive family history of urolithiasis. Hypercalciuria, Hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, and Hypocitraturia were found 35.4%, 17.8%, 13.6%, and 13.6% in group case respectively. Mean urinary calcium level of the case group was 0.47 and in controls, 0. 24. The mean urinary uric acid level of the case group was 0.91 and for the control was 0.54 (05/0> p). In 58.3% of the cases, a single kidney stone was seen and in 95.8% of the cases, the size of 4 mm or less were observed. The most common symptoms of urolithiasis (58.1%) at admission were restlessness and irritation during urination. Conclusion: According to the results of study, Hypercalciuria, Hyperoxaluria, Hyperuricosuria and positive family history are the major cases of urinary stones in children which are often individual with the size of 4 mm. Key words: urolithiasis, children, hypercalciuria