|
The Effect of the COVID-19 Epidemic on the Prevalence of Opportunistic Fungal Infections and the Consumption of Antifungal Drugs in Patients Hospitalized in Abadan Hospitals
|
H Mojiri Forushani    1, A Zahedi2 , M Imani3 |
1- Department of Pharmacology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran , dr.mojiri@yahoo.com
2- Department of Epidemiology, Asadabad Faculty of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
3- Student Research Committee, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran |
|
|
Abstract: (449 Views) |
Background & aim: Opportunistic fungal infections following COVID-19 is problematic. Antifungal medications are as well used to treat people who have fungal infections. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of fungal infections and the usage of antifungal medications before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: The present descriptive, analytical, and retrospective study was conducted in 2021.The records of patients who were hospitalized in Abadan hospitals in the year before or the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic and received at least one of the antifungal medication’s fluconazole, caspofungin, or amphotericin B were extracted and assessed for the present study. Demographic information of patients, type of ward, and type of fungal infection, history of previous infection with covid-19 and severity of disease were extracted from patient files. Descriptive analysis, chi-square, and ANOVA statistics were used to analysis the data.
Results: The results indicated that the mucormycosis and aspergillus fungal infections had dramatically increased in the two years since the COVID-19 pandemic initiated. Although it was not statistically significant, the usage of antifungal medications rose in the two years following the beginning of COVID-19 compared to the prior two years. The mucormycosis fungus was the most prevalent fungal infection. The lung was the most commonly infected organ. All patients with fungal infection had a history of severe COVID-19 following the COVID-19 pandemic. The most often used medication was amphotericin B. This difference was substantial (P< 0.001) when aspergillosis patients received capsofungin, mucormycosis patients received amphotericin B, and candida patients received fluconazole.
Conclusion: The present indicated that aspergillosis and mucormycosis fungal infections were more common during the COVID-19 pandemic, and as a result, antifungal medication use has increased as well. Additionally, all three medications (fluconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B) were administrated according guidelines.
|
|
| Keywords: Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Fluconazole, COVID-19, Opportunistic infection |
|
|
Full-Text [PDF 633 kb]
(95 Downloads)
|
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Infectious Disease
Received: 2023/10/8 | Accepted: 2024/03/16 | Published: 2024/03/16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
1. Cevik M, Kuppalli K, Kindrachuk J, Peiris M. Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. bmj 2020; 23 (5): 371.## [ DOI:10.1136/bmj.m3862] [ PMID] 2. Ripa M, Galli L, Poli A, Oltolini C, Spagnuolo V, Mastrangelo A, et al. Secondary infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: incidence and predictive factors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021; 27(3): 451-7. ## 3. Rawson TM, Moore LS, Zhu N, Ranganathan N, Skolimowska K, Gilchrist M, et al. Bacterial and fungal coinfection in individuals with coronavirus: a rapid review to support COVID-19 antimicrobial prescribing. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020; 71(9): 2459-68. ## [ DOI:10.1093/cid/ciaa530] [ PMID] [ ] 4. Russell CD, Fairfield CJ, Drake TM, Turtle L, Seaton RA, Wootton DG, et al. Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a multicentre, prospective cohort study. The Lancet Microbe 2021; 2(8): e354-e65. ## [ DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3786694] 5. Casalini G, Giacomelli A, Ridolfo A, Gervasoni C, Antinori S. Invasive fungal infections complicating COVID-19: a narrative review. Journal of Fungi 2021; 7(11): 921. ## [ DOI:10.3390/jof7110921] [ PMID] [ ] 6. Fortún J, Martín‐Dávila P, Moreno S, De Vicente E, Nuño J, Candelas A, et al. Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transplantation 2002; 8(11): 1065-70. ## [ DOI:10.1053/jlts.2002.36239] [ PMID] 7. Seagle EE, Jackson BR, Lockhart SR, Georgacopoulos O, Nunnally NS, Roland J, et al. The landscape of candidemia during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2022; 74(5): 802-11. ## [ DOI:10.1093/cid/ciab562] [ PMID] 8. Kayaaslan B, Eser F, Kaya Kalem A, Bilgic Z, Asilturk D, Hasanoglu I, et al. Characteristics of candidemia in COVID‐19 patients; increased incidence, earlier occurrence and higher mortality rates compared to non‐COVID‐19 patients. Mycoses 2021; 64(9): 1083-91. ## [ DOI:10.1111/myc.13332] [ PMID] [ ] 9. Bayram N, Ozsaygılı C, Sav H, Tekin Y, Gundogan M, Pangal E, et al. Susceptibility of severe COVID-19 patients to rhino-orbital mucormycosis fungal infection in different clinical manifestations. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 2021; 65(4): 515-25. ## [ DOI:10.1007/s10384-021-00845-5] [ PMID] [ ] 10. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020; 71(15): 762-8. ## [ DOI:10.1093/cid/ciaa248] [ PMID] [ ] 11. Wickersham R, Novak K, Schweain S. Drug facts and comparisons. 60thed. Amazone; 2006; 470-81## 12. McEvoy G, Miller J, Snow E. AHFS 2010 Drug Information. Bethesda, Maryland; 2010; 218-30. 13. Chrousos GP, Katzung B, Trevor A . Basic and clinical pharmacology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2018; 355-67. ## 14. Song G, Liang G, Liu W. Fungal co-infections associated with global COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia 2020; 185(4): 599-606. ## [ DOI:10.1007/s11046-020-00462-9] [ PMID] [ ] 15. Gangneux JP, Bougnoux ME, Dannaoui E, Cornet M, Zahar J. Invasive fungal diseases during COVID-19: we should be prepared. Elsevier; 2020. p. 100971. ## [ DOI:10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100971] [ PMID] [ ] 16. Fayemiwo S, Adegboro B. Invasive fungal infections and COVID-19: a review. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 2022; 23(1): 14-21. ## [ DOI:10.4314/ajcem.v23i1.2] 17. van Arkel AL, Rijpstra TA, Belderbos HN, Van Wijngaarden P, Verweij PE, Bentvelsen RG. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2020; 202(1): 132-5. ## [ DOI:10.1164/rccm.202004-1038LE] [ PMID] [ ] 18. Gold JA, Adjei S, Gundlapalli AV, Huang Y, Chiller T, Benedict K, et al. Increased Hospitalizations involving fungal infections during COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, January 2020-December 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2023; 29(7): 1433-7. ## [ DOI:10.3201/eid2907.221771] 19. Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Frontiers in Immunology 2020; 1(5): 827. ## [ DOI:10.1101/2020.02.18.20024364] 20. Singh V, Prasad A, Panda PK, Totaganti M, Tyagi AK, Thaduri A, et al. Mixed invasive fungal infections among COVID-19 patients. Current Medical Mycology 2021; 7(4): 19. ## [ DOI:10.1101/2021.08.09.21261555] 21. Egger M, Bussini L, Hoenigl M, Bartoletti M. Prevalence of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: critical review and conclusions. Journal of Fungi 2022; 8(4): 390. ## [ DOI:10.3390/jof8040390] [ PMID] [ ] 22. Hoenigl M, Seidel D, Carvalho A, Rudramurthy SM, Arastehfar A, Gangneux JP, et al. The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: a review of cases from 18 countries. The Lancet Microbe 2022; 3(7): e522-43. ## [ DOI:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00237-8] [ PMID] 23. Gangneux JP, Reizine F, Guegan H, Pinceaux K, Le Balch P, Prat E, et al. Is the COVID-19 pandemic a good time to include Aspergillus molecular detection to categorize aspergillosis in ICU patients? A monocentric experience. Journal of Fungi 2020; 6(3): 105. ## [ DOI:10.3390/jof6030105] [ PMID] [ ] 24. Salehi M, Ahmadikia K, Mahmoudi S, Kalantari S, Jamalimoghadamsiahkali S, Izadi A, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID‐19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Mycoses 2020; 63(8): 771-8. ## [ DOI:10.1111/myc.13137] [ PMID] [ ] 25. Patel A, Agarwal R, Rudramurthy SM, Shevkani M, Xess I, Sharma R, et al. Multicenter epidemiologic study of coronavirus disease-associated mucormycosis, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2021; 27(9): 2349. ## [ DOI:10.3201/eid2709.210934] [ PMID] [ ] |
|
| Send email to the article author |
|
|
|
| Add your comments about this article |
|
|
|
|
Mojiri Forushani H, Zahedi A, Imani M. The Effect of the COVID-19 Epidemic on the Prevalence of Opportunistic Fungal Infections and the Consumption of Antifungal Drugs in Patients Hospitalized in Abadan Hospitals. armaghanj 2024; 29 (2) :262-277 URL: http://armaghanj.yums.ac.ir/article-1-3532-en.html
|
